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Free keywords:
SOUTHERN NORTH-SEA; FRISIAN WADDEN SEA; SETTLING VELOCITY; COHESIVE SEDIMENT; PARTICLE-SIZE; TURBULENCE; DYNAMICS; FLOCCULATION;
AGGREGATION; ESTUARIES
Abstract:
Marine coastal ecosystem functioning is crucially linked to the transport and fate of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Transport of SPM is controlled by, amongst other factors, sinking velocity w(s). Since the w(s) of cohesive SPM aggregates varies significantly with size and composition of the mineral and organic origin, w(s) exhibits large spatial variability along gradients of turbulence, SPM concentration (SPMC) and SPM composition. In this study, we retrieved w(s) for the German Bight, North Sea, by combining measured vertical turbidity profiles with simulation results for turbulent eddy diffusivity. We analyzed w(s) with respect to modeled prevailing dissipation rates epsilon and found that mean w(s) were significantly enhanced around log(10) (epsilon (m(2) s(-3))) approximate to -5.5. This epsilon region is typically found at water depths of approximately 15 to 20 m along cross-shore transects. Across this zone, SPMC declines towards the offshore waters and a change in particle composition occurs. This characterizes a transition zone with potentially enhanced vertical fluxes. Our findings contribute to the conceptual understanding of nutrient cycling in the coastal region which is as follows. Previous studies identified an estuarine circulation. Its residual landward-oriented bottom currents are loaded with SPM, particularly within the transition zone. This retains and traps fine sediments and particulate-bound nutrients in coastal waters where organic components of SPM become remineralized. Residual surface currents transport dissolved nutrients offshore, where they are again consumed by phytoplankton. Algae excrete extracellular polymeric substances which are known to mediate mineral aggregation and thus sedimentation. This probably takes place particularly in the transition zone and completes the coastal nutrient cycle. The efficiency of the transition zone for retention is thus suggested as an important mechanism that underlies the often observed nutrient gradients towards the coast.
