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Free keywords:
EPR; DEER; Gd3+ spin labels; Dual mode cavity; High field; Orientation selection; Distance measurements
Abstract:
Double electron–electron resonance (DEER) at W-band (95 GHz) was applied to measure the distance
between a pair of nitroxide and Gd3+ chelate spin labels, about 6 nm apart, in a homodimer of the protein
ERp29. While high-field DEER measurements on systems with such mixed labels can be highly attractive
in terms of sensitivity and the potential to access long distances, a major difficulty arises from the large
frequency spacing (about 700 MHz) between the narrow, intense signal of the Gd3+ central transition and
the nitroxide signal. This is particularly problematic when using standard single-mode cavities. Here we
show that a novel dual-mode cavity that matches this large frequency separation dramatically increases
the sensitivity of DEER measurements, allowing evolution times as long as 12 ls in a protein. This opens
the possibility of accessing distances of 8 nmand longer. In addition, orientation selection can be resolved
and analyzed, thus providing additional structural information. In the case of W-band DEER on a Gd3+–
nitroxide pair, only two angles and their distributions have to be determined, which is a much simpler
problem to solve than the five angles and their distributions associated with two nitroxide spin labels.
