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abscisic acid; auxin; carrier protein; cellulose; cytokinin; ethylene; F box protein; glutaredoxin; hydrogen peroxide; hydroxy acid oxidase A; lactone derivative; LysM receptor like kinase; peroxidase; phosphotransferase; phytohormone; plant DNA; plant protein; plant RNA; plastid encoded RNA polymerase; plastid encoded RNA polymerase associated protein; protein PIN; reactive oxygen metabolite; RNA polymerase; strigolactone; superoxide; synthetase; transcription factor; trihelix transcription factor; unclassified drug; xylan synthase, alga; ancestry group; Arabidopsis thaliana; Article; biotic interaction; cell wall; cellular distribution; Chara; Chara braunii; Charophyta; charophytic algae; chromosome number; controlled study; electrical excitability; enzyme activity; enzyme synthesis; gametophyte; gene control; gene family expansion; gene regulatory network; gene sequence; genetic conservation; genetic similarity; genetic variability; haploidy; inheritance; Klebsormidium nitens; life cycle; meiosis; microbiome; molecular evolution; molecular interaction; multigene family; nerve excitability; nonhuman; oxidation reduction reaction; photorespiration; phragmoplast; Physcomitrella patens; plant cell; plant chromosome; plant evolution; plant gene; plant genetics; plant genome; plant growth; plant heritage gene; plant reproduction; plant seed; plant stress; plant structures; plant terrestrialization; plastid; priority journal; protein binding; protein expression; protein function; protein localization; protein secondary structure; protein synthesis; protein transport; retrograde signaling; signal transduction; species difference; species diversity; sporophyte; transcription regulation; transcriptomics; transposon; zygote
Abstract:
The draft genome of Chara braunii reveals many plant-like features important for colonization of land that evolved in charophytic algae and therefore prior to the earliest land plants.
Land plants evolved from charophytic algae, among which Charophyceae possess the most complex body plans. We present the genome of Chara braunii; comparison of the genome to those of land plants identified evolutionary novelties for plant terrestrialization and land plant heritage genes. C. braunii employs unique xylan synthases for cell wall biosynthesis, a phragmoplast (cell separation) mechanism similar to that of land plants, and many phytohormones. C. braunii plastids are controlled via land-plant-like retrograde signaling, and transcriptional regulation is more elaborate than in other algae. The morphological complexity of this organism may result from expanded gene families, with three cases of particular note: genes effecting tolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS), LysM receptor-like kinases, and transcription factors (TFs). Transcriptomic analysis of sexual reproductive structures reveals intricate control by TFs, activity of the ROS gene network, and the ancestral use of plant-like storage and stress protection proteins in the zygote. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
