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Competitive growth; Cr alloys; Creep strengths; DICTRA simulation; Equilibrium phase; Form clusters; Heat-resistant steel; Irregular shape; Kinetic modeling; Laves-phase; Low carbon; Martensite laths; Microstructure evolutions; MX carbonitrides; Phase diagram , prediction; Scanning mode; Slow growth; Subgrain boundaries, Austenite; Carbides; Carbon nitride; Chromium alloys; Grain boundaries; Grain growth; Kinetics; Microstructure; Phase diagrams; Transmission electron microscopy, Creep
Abstract:
The influence of Laves phase (type Fe 2W) formation and growth kinetics on the creep strength at 650 °C of two different 9Cr heat resistant steels of the authors' design was investigated. The microstructure evolution was characterized using transmission electron microscopy in the scanning mode (STEM). Kinetic modeling was carried out using the software DICTRA. STEM investigations revealed that the Laves phase precipitates tend to form clusters, have an irregular shape and are often located close to M 23C 6 carbides, along martensite lath boundaries or sub-grain boundaries. DICTRA simulations showed that the growth kinetics of Laves phase was high in the first thousand hours of creep, reaching its equilibrium volume fraction after 7000-10,000 h. Simultaneous competitive growth of M 23C 6 carbides and Laves phase was simulated showing that Laves phase grows very slowly to reach the final equilibrium phase fraction only after almost 13,000 h, while M 23C 6 reached the equilibrium phase fraction already during tempering. Best creep results were obtained for the 9Cr alloy with low carbon content, reduced sub-grain growth, very slow coarsening of MX carbonitrides and slow growth of Laves phase. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
