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  An upper limit on the stochastic gravitational-wave background of cosmological origin

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Acernese, F., Adhikari, R., et al. (2009). An upper limit on the stochastic gravitational-wave background of cosmological origin. Nature, 460(7258), 990-994. doi:10.1038/nature08278.

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The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Author              
The Virgo Collaboration, Author              
Abbott, B. P., Author
Abbott, R., Author
Acernese, F., Author
Adhikari, R., Author
Ajith, P.1, Author
Allen, B.2, Author           
Allen, G., Author
Alshourbagy, M., Author
Amin, R. S., Author
Anderson, S. B., Author
Anderson, W. G., Author
Antonucci, F., Author
Aoudia, S.3, Author
Arain, M. A., Author
Araya, M., Author
Armandula, H., Author
Armor, P., Author
Arun, K. G., Author
Aso, Y., AuthorAston, S., AuthorAstone, P., AuthorAufmuth, Peter4, Author           Aulbert, C.2, Author           Babak, Stanislav5, Author           Baker, P., AuthorBallardin, G., AuthorBallmer, S., AuthorBarker, C., AuthorBarker, D., AuthorBarone, F., AuthorBarr, B., AuthorBarriga, P., AuthorBarsotti, L., AuthorBarsuglia, M., AuthorBarton, M. A., AuthorBartos, I., AuthorBassiri, R., AuthorBastarrika, M., AuthorBauer, T. S., AuthorBehnke, B.2, Author           Beker, M., AuthorBenacquista, M., AuthorBetzwieser, J., AuthorBeyersdorf, P. T., AuthorBigotta, S., AuthorBilenko, I. A., AuthorBillingsley, G., AuthorBirindelli, S., AuthorBiswas, R., AuthorBizouard, M. A., AuthorBlack, E., AuthorBlackburn, J. K., AuthorBlackburn, L., AuthorBlair, D., AuthorBland, B., AuthorBoccara, C., AuthorBodiya, T. P., AuthorBogue, L., AuthorBondu, F., AuthorBonelli, L., AuthorBork, R., AuthorBoschi, V., AuthorBose, S., AuthorBosi, L., AuthorBraccini, S., AuthorBradaschia, C., AuthorBrady, P. R., AuthorBraginsky, V. B., Authorvan den Brand, J. F. J., AuthorBrau, J. E., AuthorBridges, D. O., AuthorBrillet, A., AuthorBrinkmann, M.4, Author           Brisson, V., AuthorVan Den Broeck, C., AuthorBrooks, A. F., AuthorBrown, D. A., AuthorBrummit, A., AuthorBrunet, G., AuthorBullington, A., AuthorBulten, H. J., AuthorBuonanno, A.6, Author           Burmeister, Oliver4, Author           Buskulic, D., AuthorByer, R. L., AuthorCadonati, L., AuthorCagnoli, G., AuthorCalloni, E., AuthorCamp, J. B., AuthorCampagna, E., AuthorCannizzo, J., AuthorCannon, K. C., AuthorCanuel, B., AuthorCao, J., AuthorCarbognani, F., AuthorCardenas, L., AuthorCaride, S., AuthorCastaldi, G., AuthorCaudill, S., AuthorCavaglia, M., AuthorCavalier, F., AuthorCavalieri, R., AuthorCella, G., AuthorCepeda, C., AuthorCesarini, E., AuthorChalermsongsak, T., AuthorChalkley, E., AuthorCharlton, P., AuthorChassande-Mottin, E., AuthorChatterji, S., AuthorChelkowski, S.1, AuthorChen, Y.5, Author           Christensen, N., AuthorChung, C. T. Y., AuthorClark, D., AuthorClark, J., AuthorClayton, J. H., AuthorCleva, F., AuthorCoccia, E., AuthorCokelaer, T., AuthorColacino, C. N., AuthorColas, J., AuthorColla, A., AuthorColombini, M., AuthorConte, R., AuthorCook, D., AuthorCorbitt, T. R. C., AuthorCorda, C., AuthorCornish, N., AuthorCorsi, A., AuthorCoulon, J. P., AuthorCoward, D., AuthorCoyne, D. C., AuthorCreighton, J. D. E., AuthorCreighton, T. D., AuthorCruise, A. M., AuthorCulter, R. M., AuthorCumming, A., AuthorCunningham, L., AuthorCuoco, E., AuthorDanilishin, S. L., AuthorD'Antonio, S., AuthorDanzmann, K.4, Author           Dari, A., AuthorDattilo, V., AuthorDaudert, B., AuthorDavier, M., AuthorDavies, G., AuthorDaw, E. J., AuthorDay, R., AuthorDe Rosa, R., AuthorDebra, D., AuthorDegallaix, J.4, Author           del Prete, M., AuthorDergachev, V., AuthorDesai, S., AuthorDeSalvo, R., AuthorDhurandhar, S., AuthorDi Fiore, L., AuthorDi Lieto, A., AuthorEmilio, M. D., AuthorDi Virgilio, A., AuthorDiaz, M., AuthorDietz, A., AuthorDonovan, F., AuthorDooley, K. L., AuthorDoomes, E. E., AuthorDrago, M., AuthorDrever, R. W. P., AuthorDueck, J.4, Author           Duke, I., AuthorDumas, J. C., AuthorDwyer, J. G., AuthorEchols, C., AuthorEdgar, M., AuthorEffler, A., AuthorEhrens, P., AuthorEly, G., AuthorEspinoza, E., AuthorEtzel, T., AuthorEvans, T., AuthorFafone, V., AuthorFairhurst, S., AuthorFaltas, Y., AuthorFan, Y., AuthorFazi, D., AuthorFehrmann, H.2, Author           Ferrante, I., AuthorFidecaro, F., AuthorFinn, L. S., AuthorFiori, I., AuthorFlaminio, R., AuthorFlasch, K., AuthorFoley, S., AuthorForrest, C., AuthorFotopoulos, N., AuthorFournier, J. D., AuthorFranc, J., AuthorFranzen, A., AuthorFrasca, S., AuthorFrasconi, F., AuthorFrede, M.4, Author           Frei, M., AuthorFrei, Z., AuthorFreise, A., AuthorFrey, R., AuthorFricke, T., AuthorFritschel, P., AuthorFrolov, V. V., AuthorFyffe, M., AuthorGaldi, V., AuthorGammaitoni, L., AuthorGarofoli, J. A., AuthorGarufi, F., AuthorGenin, E., AuthorGennai, A., AuthorGholami, I.3, AuthorGiaime, J. A., AuthorGiampanis, S.2, Author           Giardina, K. D., AuthorGiazotto, A., AuthorGoda, K., AuthorGoetz, E., AuthorGoggin, L. M., AuthorGonzalez, G., AuthorGorodetsky, M. L., AuthorGoßler, Stefan4, Author           Gouaty, R., AuthorGranata, M., AuthorGranata, V., AuthorGrant, A., AuthorGras, S., AuthorGray, C., AuthorGray, M., AuthorGreenhalgh, R. J. S., AuthorGretarsson, A. M., AuthorGreverie, C., AuthorGrimaldi, F., AuthorGrosso, R., AuthorGrote, H.4, Author           Grunewald, S.5, Author           Guenther, M., AuthorGuidi, G., AuthorGustafson, E. K., AuthorGustafson, R., AuthorHage, B.4, Author           Hallam, J. M., AuthorHammer, D., AuthorHammond, G. D., AuthorHanna, C., AuthorHanson, J., AuthorHarms, J.1, AuthorHarry, G. M., AuthorHarry, I. W., AuthorHarstad, E. D., AuthorHaughian, K., AuthorHayama, K.2, Author           Heefner, J., AuthorHeitmann, H., AuthorHello, P., AuthorHeng, I. S., AuthorHeptonstall, A., AuthorHewitson, M.2, Author           Hild, S.4, Author           Hirose, E., AuthorHoak, D., AuthorHodge, K. A., AuthorHolt, K., AuthorHosken, D. J., AuthorHough, J., AuthorHoyland, D., AuthorHuet, D., AuthorHughey, B., AuthorHuttner, S. H., AuthorIngram, D. R., AuthorIsogai, T., AuthorIto, M., AuthorIvanov, A., AuthorJohnson, B., AuthorJohnson, W. W., AuthorJones, D. I., AuthorJones, G., AuthorJones, R., Authorde la Jordana, L. S., AuthorJu, L., AuthorKalmus, P., AuthorKalogera, V., AuthorKandhasamy, S., AuthorKanner, J., AuthorKasprzyk, D., AuthorKatsavounidis, E., AuthorKawabe, K., AuthorKawamura, S., AuthorKawazoe, F.4, Author           Kells, W., AuthorKeppel, D. G., AuthorKhalaidovski, A.4, Author           Khalili, F. Y., AuthorKhan, R., AuthorKhazanov, E., AuthorKing, Peter4, Author           Kissel, J. S., AuthorKlimenko, S., AuthorKokeyama, K., AuthorKondrashov, V., AuthorKopparapu, R., AuthorKoranda, S., AuthorKozak, D., AuthorKrishnan, B.5, Author           Kumar, R., AuthorKwee, P.4, Author           La Penna, P., AuthorLam, P. K., AuthorLandry, M., AuthorLantz, B., AuthorLaval, M., AuthorLazzarini, A., AuthorLei, H., AuthorLei, M., AuthorLeindecker, N., AuthorLeonor, I., AuthorLeroy, N., AuthorLetendre, N., AuthorLi, C., AuthorLin, H., AuthorLindquist, P. E., AuthorLittenberg, B., AuthorLockerbie, N. A., AuthorLodhia, D., AuthorLongo, M., AuthorLorenzini, M., AuthorLoriette, V., AuthorLormand, M., AuthorLosurdo, G., AuthorLu, P., AuthorLubinski, M., AuthorLucianetti, A., AuthorLück, H.4, Author           Machenschalk, B.2, Author           MacInnis, M., AuthorMackowski, J. M., AuthorMageswaran, M., AuthorMailand, K., AuthorMajorana, E., AuthorMan, N., AuthorMandel, I., AuthorMandic, V., AuthorMantovani, M., AuthorMarchesoni, F., AuthorMarion, F., AuthorMarka, S., AuthorMarka, Z., AuthorMarkosyan, A., AuthorMarkowitz, J., AuthorMaros, E., AuthorMarque, J., AuthorMartelli, F., AuthorMartin, I. W., AuthorMartin, R. M., AuthorMarx, J. N., AuthorMason, K., AuthorMasserot, A., AuthorMatichard, F., AuthorMatone, L., AuthorMatzner, R. A., AuthorMavalvala, N., AuthorMcCarthy, R., AuthorMcClelland, D. E., AuthorMcGuire, S. C., AuthorMcHugh, M., AuthorMcIntyre, G., AuthorMcKechan, D. J. A., AuthorMcKenzie, K., AuthorMehmet, M.4, Author           Melatos, A., AuthorMelissinos, A. C., AuthorMendell, G., AuthorMenendez, D. F., AuthorMenzinger, F., AuthorMercer, R. A., AuthorMeshkov, S., AuthorMessenger, C.2, Author           Meyer, M. S., AuthorMichel, C., AuthorMilano, L., AuthorMiller, J., AuthorMinelli, J., AuthorMinenkov, Y., AuthorMino, Y., AuthorMitrofanov, V. P., AuthorMitselmakher, G., AuthorMittleman, R., AuthorMiyakawa, O., AuthorMoe, B., AuthorMohan, M., AuthorMohanty, S. D., AuthorMohapatra, S. R. P., AuthorMoreau, J., AuthorMoreno, G., AuthorMorgado, N., AuthorMorgia, A., AuthorMorioka, T., AuthorMors, K.7, Author           Mosca, S., AuthorMossavi, K.4, Author           Mours, B., AuthorMowLowry, C., AuthorMueller, G., AuthorMuhammad, D., AuthorZur Muhlen, H.4, Author           Mukherjee, S., AuthorMukhopadhyay, H., AuthorMullavey, A., AuthorMüller-Ebhardt, H.4, Author           Munch, J., AuthorMurray, P. G., AuthorMyers, E., AuthorMyers, J., AuthorNash, T., AuthorNelson, J., AuthorNeri, I., AuthorNewton, G., AuthorNishizawa, A., AuthorNocera, F., AuthorNumata, K., AuthorOchsner, E., AuthorO'Dell, J., AuthorOgin, G. H., AuthorO'Reilly, B., AuthorO'Shaughnessy, R., AuthorOttaway, D. J., AuthorOttens, R. S., AuthorOvermier, H., AuthorOwen, B. J., AuthorPagliaroli, G., AuthorPalomba, C., AuthorPan, Y., AuthorPankow, C., AuthorPaoletti, F., AuthorPapa, M A.5, Author           Parameshwaraiah, V., AuthorPardi, S., AuthorPasqualetti, A., AuthorPassaquieti, R., AuthorPassuello, D., AuthorPatel, P., AuthorPedraza, M., AuthorPenn, S., AuthorPerreca, A., AuthorPersichetti, G., AuthorPichot, M., AuthorPiergiovanni, F., AuthorPierro, V., AuthorPinard, L., AuthorPinto, I. M., AuthorPitkin, M., AuthorPletsch, H. J.2, Author           Plissi, M. V., AuthorPoggiani, R., AuthorPostiglione, F., AuthorPrincipe, M., AuthorPrix, R.2, Author           Prodi, G. A., AuthorProkhorov, L., AuthorPunken, O.1, AuthorPunturo, M., AuthorPuppo, P., AuthorVan der Putten, S., AuthorQuetschke, V., AuthorRaab, F. J., AuthorRabaste, O., AuthorRabeling, D. S., AuthorRadkins, H., AuthorRaffai, P., AuthorRaics, Z., AuthorRainer, N.1, AuthorRakhmanov, M., AuthorRapagnani, P., AuthorRaymond, V., AuthorRe, V., AuthorReed, C. M., AuthorReed, T., AuthorRegimbau, T., AuthorRehbein, H.4, Author           Reid, S., AuthorReitze, D. H., AuthorRicci, F., AuthorRiesen, R., AuthorRiles, K., AuthorRivera, B., AuthorRoberts, P., AuthorRobertson, N. A., AuthorRobinet, F., AuthorRobinson, C., AuthorRobinson, E. L.5, Author           Rocchi, A., AuthorRoddy, S., AuthorRolland, L., AuthorRollins, J., AuthorRomano, J. D., AuthorRomano, R., AuthorRomie, J. H., AuthorRöver, C.2, Author           Rowan, S., AuthorRüdiger, A.4, Author           Ruggi, P., AuthorRussell, P., AuthorRyan, K., AuthorSakata, S., AuthorSalemi, F.2, Author           Sandberg, V., AuthorSannibale, V., AuthorSantamaria, L.5, Author           Saraf, S., AuthorSarin, P., AuthorSassolas, B., AuthorSathyaprakash, B. S., AuthorSato, S., AuthorSatterthwaite, M., AuthorSaulson, P. R., AuthorSavage, R., AuthorSavov, P., AuthorScanlan, M., AuthorSchilling, R.4, Author           Schnabel, R.4, Author           Schofield, R., AuthorSchulz, B.4, Author           Schutz, B. F.5, Author           Schwinberg, P., AuthorScott, J., AuthorScott, S. M., AuthorSearle, A. C., AuthorSears, B., AuthorSeifert, F.4, Author           Sellers, D., AuthorSengupta, A. S., AuthorSentenac, D., AuthorSergeev, A., AuthorShapiro, B., AuthorShawhan, P., AuthorShoemaker, D. H., AuthorSibley, A., AuthorSiemens, X., AuthorSigg, D., AuthorSinha, S., AuthorSintes, A. M.5, Author           Slagmolen, B. J. J., AuthorSlutsky, J., Authorvan der Sluys, M. V., AuthorSmith, J. R.1, AuthorSmith, M. R., AuthorSmith, N. D., AuthorSomiya, K.4, Author           Sorazu, B., AuthorStein, A., AuthorStein, L. C., AuthorSteplewski, S., AuthorStochino, A., AuthorStone, R., AuthorStrain, K. A.4, Author           Strigin, S., AuthorStroeer, A., AuthorSturani, R., AuthorStuver, A. L., AuthorSummerscales, T. Z., AuthorSun, K. X., AuthorSung, M., AuthorSutton, P. J., AuthorSwinkels, B. L., AuthorSzokoly, G. P., AuthorTalukder, D., AuthorTang, L., AuthorTanner, D. B., AuthorTarabrin, S. P., AuthorTaylor, J. R.4, Author           Taylor, R.4, Author           Terenzi, R., AuthorThacker, J., AuthorThorne, K. A., AuthorThorne, K. S., AuthorThüring, Andre4, Author           Tokmakov, K. V., AuthorToncelli, A., AuthorTonelli, M., AuthorTorres, C., AuthorTorrie, C., AuthorTournefier, E., AuthorTravasso, F., AuthorTraylor, G., AuthorTrias, M., AuthorTrummer, J., AuthorUgolini, D., AuthorUlmen, J., AuthorUrbanek, K., AuthorVahlbruch, H.4, Author           Vajente, G., AuthorVallisneri, M., AuthorVass, S., AuthorVaulin, R., AuthorVavoulidis, M., AuthorVecchio, A., AuthorVedovato, G., Authorvan Veggel, A. A., AuthorVeitch, J., AuthorVeitch, P., AuthorVeltkamp, C.4, Author           Verkindt, D., AuthorVetrano, F., AuthorVicere, A., AuthorVillar, A., AuthorVinet, J. Y., AuthorVocca, H., AuthorVorvick, C., AuthorVyachanin, S. P., AuthorWaldman, S. J., AuthorWallace, L., AuthorWard, H., AuthorWard, R. L., AuthorWas, M.8, Author           Weidner, A.4, Author           Weinert, M.4, Author           Weinstein, A. J., AuthorWeiss, R., AuthorWen, L., AuthorWen, S., AuthorWette, Karl2, Author           Whelan, J. T.5, Author           Whitcomb, S. E., AuthorWhiting, B. F., AuthorWilkinson, C., AuthorWillems, P. A., AuthorWilliams, H. R., AuthorWilliams, L., AuthorWillke, B.4, Author           Wilmut, I., AuthorWinkelmann, L.4, Author           Winkler, W.4, Author           Wipf, C. C., AuthorWiseman, A. G., AuthorWoan, G., AuthorWooley, R., AuthorWorden, J., AuthorWu, W., AuthorYakushin, I., AuthorYamamoto, H., AuthorYan, Z., AuthorYoshida, S.5, Author           Yvert, M., AuthorZanolin, M., AuthorZhang, J., AuthorZhang, L., AuthorZhao, C., AuthorZotov, N., AuthorZucker, M. E., AuthorZweizig, J., Author more..
Affiliations:
1AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society, Hannover, DE, ou_24009              
2Observational Relativity and Cosmology, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society, ou_24011              
3AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society, Golm, DE, ou_24008              
4Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society, ou_24010              
5Astrophysical Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society, ou_24013              
6Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society, ou_1933290              
7AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society, ou_24009              
8Laser Interferometry & Gravitational Wave Astronomy, AEI-Hannover, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society, Hannover, DE, ou_24010              

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 Abstract: A stochastic background of gravitational waves is expected to arise from a superposition of a large number of unresolved gravitational-wave sources of astrophysical and cosmological origin. It should carry unique signatures from the earliest epochs in the evolution of the Universe, inaccessible to standard astrophysical observations(1). Direct measurements of the amplitude of this background are therefore of fundamental importance for understanding the evolution of the Universe when it was younger than one minute. Here we report limits on the amplitude of the stochastic gravitational-wave background using the data from a two-year science run of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory(2) (LIGO). Our result constrains the energy density of the stochastic gravitational-wave background normalized by the critical energy density of the Universe, in the frequency band around 100 Hz, to be <6.9 X 10(-6) at 95% confidence. The data rule out models of early Universe evolution with relatively large equation-of-state parameter(3), as well as cosmic (super) string models with relatively small string tension(4) that are favoured in some string theory models(5). This search for the stochastic background improves on the indirect limits from Big Bang nucleosynthesis(1,6) and cosmic microwave background(7) at 100Hz.

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 Dates: 2009
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 Identifiers: eDoc: 435366
ISI: 000269085500029
DOI: 10.1038/nature08278
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Pages: - Volume / Issue: 460 (7258) Sequence Number: - Start / End Page: 990 - 994 Identifier: -