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  Dynamics of positive and negative BOLD responses in visual cortex

Yesilyurt, B., & Uludag, K. (2009). Dynamics of positive and negative BOLD responses in visual cortex. Poster presented at 15th Annual Meeting of the Organisation for Human Brain Mapping (HBM 2009), San Francisco, CA, USA.

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Yesilyurt, B1, 2, Author           
Uludag, K1, 2, Author           
Affiliations:
1Former Department MRZ, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Society, Spemannstrasse 38, 72076 Tübingen, DE, ou_2528700              
2Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max Planck Society, Spemannstrasse 38, 72076 Tübingen, DE, ou_1497794              

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 Abstract: Introduction
Previous studies have shown that besides the commonly observed positive BOLD response (PBR), a negative BOLD response (NBR) also exists [1] which was suggested to reflect decreased neuronal activity [2] and oxygenation [3]. However, the underlying physiology of NBR is still not clear and the dynamics of NBR has not been yet extensively explored.

Our aim in this study was to investigate the dynamics of NBR and compare these with the dyamics of PBR. To this end, we used two different visual stimulus designs in which the baseline conditions were the same. During stimulation, however, the luminance level was either increased or decreased. We showed that mirroring the stimulus design does not simply mirrors the BOLD response and that the dynamics of NBR differs from PBR.
Methods

fMRI data were collected at 3T Siemens Tim-Trio scanner using GRE-EPI sequence (TR/TE=1000/35ms, voxel-size=3.1×3.1×3.5mm). Full field, black-white checkerboard stimuli rotating at 8Hz were presented to subjects (10 subjects) with four different Michelson contrast level (100, 75, 25, 12.5, gamma corrected) whereas the baseline condition was set to 50 contrast (40s baseline, 5s stimulus; 12 trials). On functional activation maps, 100 most activated voxels in the visual cortex were chosen and time courses of these voxels averaged among trials. Time courses were resampled at 0.1s using data interpolation. Standard deviation (STD) of baseline was calculated for the time points −5 to 0. Time-to-onset of BOLD response was defined as the time point deviating 2 STD from the baseline mean value.
Results

Positive contrast stimuli (100, 75) elicited positive activation in the early visual areas (red in Fig.1), whereas negative contrast stimuli (25, 12.5) evoked negative (green in Fig.1) as well as positive activation (blue in Fig.1) in posterior and anterior part of the visual cortex, respectively. Average time courses in negative activation region as well as in lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are depicted in figure 2-3. Time-to-onset values of negative contrast responses were not significantly different from positive contrast responses (p>0.05), whereas in time-to-peak values negative contrast responses slightly preceded their positive counterparts (Table 1). Although, the absolute peak amplitudes of responses were similar (p>0.05), their widths were not (p<0.05): 0.62 and 0.65 BOLD signal for 25 and 75, 6.2s and 4.6s for 25 and 75, respectively.
Conclusions

Our results show that under the same baseline condition, the negative BOLD response is not simply the inverse of its positive counterpart. Dynamics of the former differs significantly from the latter. Negative responses peak earlier and their FWHM is shorter. Additionally, functional activation maps to positive and negative contrast stimuli show discrepancies; whereas positive contrast evoke only positive response, negative contrast evokes both positive and negative responses in distinct regions of visual cortex. In response to decreasing contrast, BOLD response in LGN decreases as well (Fig. 3), however, response characteristics in LGN are different compared to visual cortex. In conclusion, similar time-to-onset values of negative and positive BOLD responses can be a sign of identical initial underlying mechanisms, and hence, can be well explained by a feed-forward neurovascular coupling.

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 Dates: 2009-07
 Publication Status: Issued
 Pages: -
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 Rev. Type: -
 Identifiers: DOI: 10.1016/S1053-8119(09)71602-7
BibTex Citekey: 5940
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Title: 15th Annual Meeting of the Organisation for Human Brain Mapping (HBM 2009)
Place of Event: San Francisco, CA, USA
Start-/End Date: 2009-06-18 - 2009-06-23

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Title: NeuroImage
Source Genre: Journal
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Publ. Info: Orlando, FL : Academic Press
Pages: - Volume / Issue: 47 (Supplement 1) Sequence Number: - Start / End Page: S154 Identifier: ISSN: 1053-8119
CoNE: https://pure.mpg.de/cone/journals/resource/954922650166