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Free keywords:
Adolescence; Development; fMRI; Functional connectivity; Multivariate pattern classification analysis
Abstract:
The present study uses multivariate pattern classification analysis to examine maturation in task-induced
brain activation and in functional connectivity during adolescence. The multivariate approach allowed
accurate discrimination of adolescent boys of respectively 13, 17 and 21 years old based on brain activation
during a gonogo task, whereas the univariate statistical analyses showed no or only very few, small agerelated
clusters. Developmental differences in task activation were spatially distributed throughout the
brain, indicating differences in the responsiveness of a wide range of task-related and default mode regions.
Moreover, these distributed age-distinctive patterns generalized from a simple gonogo task to a cognitively
and motivationally very different gambling task, and vice versa. This suggests that functional brain maturation
in adolescence is driven by common processes across cognitive tasks as opposed to taskspecific
processes. Although we confirmed previous reports of age-related differences in functional connectivity,
particularly for long range connections (>60 mm), these differences were not specific to brain regions
that showed maturation of task-induced responsiveness. Together with the task-independency of brain activation
maturation, this result suggests that brain connectivity changes in the course of adolescence affect
brain functionality at a basic level. This basic change is manifest in a range of tasks, from the simplest gonogo
task to a complex gambling task.
