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Abstract:
Seven different instruments and measurement methods were used to examine the immersion freezing of bacterial ice nuclei from Snomax (R) (hereafter Snomax), a product containing ice-active protein complexes from nonviable Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. The experimental conditions were kept as similar as possible for the different measurements. Of the participating instruments, some examined droplets which had been made from suspensions directly, and the others examined droplets activated on previously generated Snomax particles, with particle diameters of mostly a few hundred nanometers and up to a few micrometers in some cases. Data were obtained in the temperature range from -2 to -38 degrees C, and it was found that all ice-active protein complexes were already activated above -12 degrees C. Droplets with different Snomax mass concentrations covering 10 orders of magnitude
were examined. Some instruments had very short ice nucleation times down to below 1s, while others had comparably slow cooling rates around 1K min(-1). Displaying data from the different instruments in terms of numbers of ice-active protein complexes per dry mass of Snomax, n(m), showed that within their uncertainty, the data agree well with each other as well as to previously reported literature results. Two parameterizations were taken from literature for a direct comparison to our results, and these were a time-dependent approach based on a contact angle distribution (Niedermeier et al., 2014) and a modification of the parameterization presented in Hartmann et al. (2013) representing a time-independent approach. The agreement between these and the measured data were good; i.e., they agreed within a temperature range of 0.6K or equivalently a range in n(m) of a factor of 2. From the results presented herein, we propose that Snomax, at least when carefully shared and prepared, is a suitable material to test and compare different instruments for their accuracy of measuring immersion freezing.
