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Language(s):
eng - English
Dates:
2017-11-182017-11-18
Publication Status:
Issued
Pages:
82
Publishing info:
Lübeck : Universität zu Lübeck
Table of Contents:
Table of Content
1. Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 English...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Deutsch .................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Blackcaps ................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Blackcap migration .................................................................................................................. 5
2.3 Sample collection .................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Avian Malaria in migrating blackcaps ...................................................................................... 8
2.5 Avian Malaria ........................................................................................................................... 9
2.5.1 Haemoproteidae ........................................................................................................... 10
2.5.2 Plasmodiidae ................................................................................................................. 10
2.5.3 Leucocytozoidae ............................................................................................................ 11
2.5.4 Consequences of infection ............................................................................................ 11
Objectives of my study ...................................................................................................................... 12
3. Materials and methods ................................................................................................................. 13
3.1 Field methods ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.2 Methods to investigate Avian Malaria .................................................................................. 13
3.3 Investigation of avian malaria ............................................................................................... 14
3.3.1 DNA Extraction .............................................................................................................. 14
3.3.2 Nested PCR .................................................................................................................... 15
3.3.3 Agarose-Gelelectrophoresis .......................................................................................... 17
3.3.4 Sanger sequencing ......................................................................................................... 18
3.3.5 Data analysis .................................................................................................................. 19
3.4 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................................. 20
3.4.1 Distance matrices .......................................................................................................... 21
3.4.2 Mantel test .................................................................................................................... 22
3.4.3 Non-parametric MANOVA ............................................................................................. 23
3.4.4 Non-metric multidimensional scaling............................................................................ 24
3.4.5 Species richness analysis ............................................................................................... 25
3.4.6 Pearson’s correlation coefficient ................................................................................... 27
3.4.7 Spearman’s rank correlation rho ................................................................................... 27
4. Results ........................................................................................................................................... 28
4.1 Prevalence ............................................................................................................................. 28
4.2 Investigation of distance effects ........................................................................................... 30
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4.1 Species Richness Analysis ...................................................................................................... 32
4.2 NMDS and MANOVA ............................................................................................................ 32
4.3 Host specificity and lineage similarity ................................................................................... 33
4.4 Association between elevation and avian malaria infection ................................................ 34
4.5 Comparison with neighbouring countries ............................................................................. 36
4.6 Recaptures ............................................................................................................................. 36
5. Discussion ...................................................................................................................................... 39
5.1 Avian Malaria between migratory populations .................................................................... 39
5.2 Avian malaria and elevation .................................................................................................. 40
5.3 Prevalence of Avian Malaria .................................................................................................. 40
5.4 Avian Malaria in surrounding countries ................................................................................ 43
5.5 Prevalence in recaptures ....................................................................................................... 44
5.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 46
6. Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... 47
7. References ..................................................................................................................................... 48
8. Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 53
9. Supplementary material ................................................................................................................ 54
9.1 Additional information on the sampling sites ....................................................................... 54
9.2 Material ................................................................................................................................. 55
9.2.1 Machines ....................................................................................................................... 55
9.2.2 Software ........................................................................................................................ 56
9.2.3 Pipettes .......................................................................................................................... 56
9.2.4 Consumables ................................................................................................................. 57
9.2.5 Chemicals, reagents, kits ............................................................................................... 58
9.3 R-Code for analysing the data ............................................................................................... 59
9.4 Results ................................................................................................................................... 76
10. Declatation of Authorship ......................................................................................................... 82
Rev. Type:
-
Identifiers:
Other: Dipl/12913
Degree:
Master
