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Copper compounds; Deposition; Grain boundaries; Grain growth; Mass spectrometry; Open circuit voltage; Oxygen vacancies; Rapid thermal processing; Selenium compounds; Semiconductor doping; Sodium; Sodium compounds; Solar cells; Thin films; Tin compounds; X ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Zinc compounds, Acceptor concentrations; Atom probe tomography; Kesterites; Morphological changes; Optoelectronic properties; Post deposition treatment; Sodium doping; Thin films solar cells, Thin film solar cells
Abstract:
Sodium is typically used during the synthesis of kesterite thin films to enhance the performance of solar cells. As sodium tends to affect grain growth and morphology, it is difficult to analyse solely the electronic effects of sodium as dopant. To decouple the structural and electronic effects from each other, two processes were designed in this work to successfully incorporate sodium into a vacuum-processed Cu2ZnSnSe4 absorber without changing the morphology. A thin layer of NaF is deposited before precursor deposition (Pre-NaF) or after absorber synthesis to undergo a post deposition treatment (NaF-PDT). While composition and distribution of matrix elements remain unchanged, the sodium concentration is increased upon sodium treatment up to 140 ppm as measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the surface composition was not altered. Within its detection limit, sodium was not present at the absorber surface. For a Pre-NaF sample measured with atom probe tomography a sodium concentration of 30 ppm was measured in a grain, suggesting that sodium might segregate at grain boundaries. The additional sodium content in the film leads to an increased acceptor concentration, which results in improved open-circuit voltage and fill factor. © 2018 The Authors
