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  A photomultiplier tube test stand and on-site measurements to characterise the performance of Photonis XP3062 photomultiplier tubes at increased background light conditions and lower gain

Zorn, J., Daumiller, K., Engel, R., Mathes, H.-J., Riegel, M., Smida, R., et al. (2019). A photomultiplier tube test stand and on-site measurements to characterise the performance of Photonis XP3062 photomultiplier tubes at increased background light conditions and lower gain. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 938, 20-28. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.065.

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 Creators:
Zorn, J.1, Author           
Daumiller, K.2, Author
Engel, R.2, Author
Mathes, H-J2, Author
Riegel, M.2, Author
Smida, R.2, Author
Werner, F.3, Author           
Affiliations:
1Division Prof. Dr. James A. Hinton, MPI for Nuclear Physics, Max Planck Society, ou_2074298              
2external, ou_persistent22              
3Division Prof. Dr. Werner Hofmann, MPI for Nuclear Physics, Max Planck Society, ou_904550              

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 Abstract: Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are widely used in astroparticle physics experiments to detect light flashes (e.g. fluorescence or Cherenkov light) from extensive air showers (EASs) initiated by statistically rare very high energy cosmic particles when travelling through the atmosphere. Their high amplification factor (gain) allows the detection of very low photon fluxes down to single photons. At the same time this sensitivity causes the gain and signal-to-noise ratio to decrease with collected charge over the lifetime of the PMT (referred to as "ageing"). To avoid fast ageing, many experiments limit the PMT operation to reasonably low night sky background (NSB) conditions. However, in order to collect more event statistics at the highest energies, it is desirable to extend the measurement cycle into (part of) nights with higher NSB levels. In case the signal-to-noise ratio remains large enough in the subsequent reconstruction of the EAS events, lowering the PMT gain in such conditions can be an option to avoid faster ageing. In this paper, performance studies under high NSB with Photonis XP3062 PMTs, as used in the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory, are presented. The results suggest that lowering the PMT gain by a factor of 10 while increasing the NSB level by a similar factor does not significantly affect the PMT performance and ageing behaviour so that detection and offline reconstruction of EASs are still possible. Adjusting the PMT gain according to a changing NSB level throughout a night has been shown to be possible and it follows a predictable behaviour. This allows to extend the measurement cycles of experiments, based on PMTs of type Photonis XP3062 or comparable and exposed to the NSB, to enhance the sensitivity especially at the highest energies where events are very rare.

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 Dates: 2019-05-30
 Publication Status: Issued
 Pages: -
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 Rev. Type: -
 Identifiers: DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2019.05.065
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Title: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Source Genre: Journal
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Publ. Info: Amsterdam : Elsevier B.V.
Pages: - Volume / Issue: 938 Sequence Number: - Start / End Page: 20 - 28 Identifier: ISSN: 0168-9002
CoNE: https://pure.mpg.de/cone/journals/resource/954925485716