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  Influence of vessel characteristics and atmospheric processes on the gas and particle phase of ship emission plumes: In-situ measurements in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula

Celik, S., Drewnick, F., Fachinger, F., Brooks, J., Darbyshire, E., Coe, H., et al. (2019). Influence of vessel characteristics and atmospheric processes on the gas and particle phase of ship emission plumes: In-situ measurements in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, in review.

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Celik, Siddika1, Autor
Drewnick, Frank2, Autor           
Fachinger, Friederike2, Autor           
Brooks, James1, Autor
Darbyshire, Eoghan1, Autor
Coe, Hugh1, Autor
Paris, Jean-Daniel1, Autor
Eger, Philipp G.3, Autor           
Schuladen, Jan3, Autor           
Tadic, Ivan3, Autor           
Friedrich, Nils3, Autor           
Dienhart, Dirk3, Autor           
Hottmann, Bettina3, Autor           
Fischer, Horst3, Autor           
Crowley, John N.3, Autor           
Harder, Hartwig3, Autor           
Borrmann, Stephan2, Autor           
Affiliations:
1external, ou_persistent22              
2Particle Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society, ou_1826291              
3Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society, ou_1826285              

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 Zusammenfassung: 252 emission plumes of ships operating in the Mediterranean Sea and around the Arabian Peninsula were investigated using a comprehensive dataset of gas and submicron particle phase properties measured during the two-month shipborne AQABA field campaign in summer 2017. The post-measurement identification of the corresponding ship emission events in the measured data included the determination of the plume sources (up to 38 km away) as well as of the plume ages (up to 115 min) and was based on commercially available historical records of the Automatic Identification System. The dispersion lifetime of chemically inert CO2 in the ship emission plumes was determined as (70 ± 15) min, resulting in levels indistinguishable from the marine background after (260 ± 60) min. Emission factors (EFs) as quantities that are independent of plume dilution were calculated and used for the investigation of influences on ship emission plumes caused by ship characteristics and the combustion process as well as by atmospheric processes during the early stage of exhaust release and during plume aging. Combustion efficiency and therefore emission factors of black carbon and NOX were identified to depend mostly on the vessel speed and gross tonnage. Moreover, larger ships, associated with higher engine power were found to use fuel with higher sulfur content and have higher gas phase SO2, particulate sulfate, particulate organics and particulate matter EFs. Despite the independence of EFs on dilution, significant influence of the ambient wind speed on the particle number and mass EFs was observed that can be traced back to enhanced particle coagulation in case of slower dilution and suppressed vapor condensation on particles in case of faster dilution of the emission plume. Atmospheric reactions and processes in ship emission plumes were investigated that include NOX and O3 chemistry, gas-to-particle conversion of NOX and SO2 and the neutralization of acids in the particle phase through the uptake of ambient gas phase ammonia, the latter two of which cause the inorganic particulate content to increase and the organic fraction to decrease with increasing plume age. The results enable identification of the most important influences on (or processes in) ship emission plumes and to describe those quantitatively by parameterizations, which could be used for further refinement of atmospheric models.

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 Datum: 2019
 Publikationsstatus: Erschienen
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 Identifikatoren: DOI: 10.5194/acp-2019-859
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Titel: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
  Kurztitel : Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.
Genre der Quelle: Zeitschrift
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Affiliations:
Ort, Verlag, Ausgabe: Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany : European Geophysical Society, Copernicus Publ.
Seiten: - Band / Heft: in review Artikelnummer: - Start- / Endseite: - Identifikator: ISSN: 1680-7367
CoNE: https://pure.mpg.de/cone/journals/resource/111076360006006