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Abstract:
This work addresses the effect of travelling thermal waves applied at the fluid layer surface, on the formation of global flow structures in two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D convective systems. For a broad range of Rayleigh numbers (103≤Ra≤107) and thermal wave frequencies (10−4≤Ω≤100), we investigate flows with and without imposed mean temperature gradients. Our results confirm that the travelling thermal waves can cause zonal flows, i.e. strong mean horizontal flows. We show that the zonal flows in diffusion dominated regimes are driven purely by the Reynolds stresses and end up always travelling retrograde. In convection dominated regimes, however, mean flow advection, caused by tilted convection cells, becomes dominant. This generally leads to prograde directed mean zonal flows. By means of direct numerical simulations we validate theoretical predictions made for the diffusion dominated regime. Furthermore, we make use of the linear stability analysis and explain the existence of the tilted convection cell mode. Our extensive 3-D simulations support the results for 2-D flows and thus provide further evidence for the relevance of the findings for geophysical and astrophysical systems.
