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Abstract:
Nonthermal desorption of ices on interstellar grains is required to explain observations of molecules that are not synthesized efficiently in the gas phase in cold dense clouds. Perhaps the most important nonthermal desorption mechanism is one induced by cosmic rays (CRs), which, when passing through a grain, heat it transiently to a high temperature—the grain cools back to its original equilibrium temperature via the (partial) sublimation of the ice. Current cosmic ray induced desorption (CRD) models assume a fixed grain cooling time. In this work, we present a revised description of CRD in which the desorption efficiency depends dynamically on the ice content. We apply the revised desorption scheme to two-phase and three-phase chemical models in physical conditions corresponding to starless and prestellar cores, and to molecular cloud envelopes. We find that, inside starless and prestellar cores, introducing dynamic CRD can decrease gas-phase abundances by up to an order of magnitude in two-phase chemical models. In three-phase chemical models, our model produces results very similar to those of the static cooling scheme—when only one monolayer of ice is considered active. Ice abundances are generally insensitive to variations in the grain cooling time. Further improved CRD models need to take into account additional effects in the transient heating of the grains—introduced, for example, by the adoption of a spectrum of CR energies.
