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Free keywords:
beta peptide aggregation; amyloid-beta; alzheimers-disease; molecular-dynamics; mice involvement; statins; curcumin; binding; tau; strategies
Abstract:
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of extraneuronal amyloid plaques composed of amyloid-beta (A beta) fibrillar aggregates in the brains of patients. In mouse models, it has previously been shown that atorvastatin (Ator), a cholesterol-lowering drug, has some reducing effect on the production of cerebral A beta. A meta-analysis on humans showed moderate effects in the short term but no improvement in the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale behavioral test. Here, we explore a potential direct effect of Ator on A beta 42 aggregation. Using NMR-based monomer consumption assays and CD spectroscopy, we observed a promoting effect of Ator in its original form (Ator-calcium) on A beta 42 aggregation, as expected because of the presence of calcium ions. The effect was reversed when applying a CaCO3- based calcium ion scavenging method, which was validated by the aforementioned methods as well as thioflavin-T fluorescence assays and transmission electron microscopy. We found that the aggregation was inhibited significantly when the concentration of calcium-free Ator exceeded that of A beta by at least a factor of 2. The H-1-N-15 heteronuclear single quantum correlation and saturation-transfer difference NMR data suggest that calcium-free Ator exerts its effect through interaction with the (KLVF19)-K-16 binding site on the A beta peptide via its aromatic rings as well as hydroxyl and methyl groups. On the other hand, molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the increasing concentration of Ator is necessary for the inhibition of the conformational transition of A beta from an alpha-helix-dominant to a beta-sheet-dominant structure.
