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Free keywords:
Animals
Cells, Cultured
Cryoelectron Microscopy
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics/*metabolism/ultrastructure
DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/ultrastructure
Electron Microscope Tomography
Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics
High Mobility Group Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/ultrastructure
Mice
Microscopy, Confocal
Mitochondria/genetics/*metabolism/ultrastructure
Mutation
Nucleoproteins/genetics/*metabolism/ultrastructure
Protein Binding
Sted
cryo-ET
mitochondria
nanoscopy
nucleoids
Abstract:
Mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is packaged by mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) into mitochondrial nucleoids that are of key importance in controlling the transmission and expression of mtDNA. Nucleoid ultrastructure is poorly defined, and therefore we used a combination of biochemistry, superresolution microscopy, and electron microscopy to show that mitochondrial nucleoids have an irregular ellipsoidal shape and typically contain a single copy of mtDNA. Rotary shadowing electron microscopy revealed that nucleoid formation in vitro is a multistep process initiated by TFAM aggregation and cross-strand binding. Superresolution microscopy of cultivated cells showed that increased mtDNA copy number increases nucleoid numbers without altering their sizes. Electron cryo-tomography visualized nucleoids at high resolution in isolated mammalian mitochondria and confirmed the sizes observed by superresolution microscopy of cell lines. We conclude that the fundamental organizational unit of the mitochondrial nucleoid is a single copy of mtDNA compacted by TFAM, and we suggest a packaging mechanism.
