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  Probing lens-induced gravitational-wave birefringence as a test of general relativity

Goyal, S., Vijaykumar, A., Ezquiaga, J. M., & Zumalacarregui, M. (2023). Probing lens-induced gravitational-wave birefringence as a test of general relativity. Physical Review D, 108(2): 024052. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.108.024052.

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 Creators:
Goyal, Srashti, Author
Vijaykumar, Aditya, Author
Ezquiaga, Jose Maria, Author
Zumalacarregui, Miguel1, Author           
Affiliations:
1Astrophysical and Cosmological Relativity, AEI-Golm, MPI for Gravitational Physics, Max Planck Society, ou_1933290              

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Free keywords: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, gr-qc,Astrophysics, Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, astro-ph.CO
 Abstract: Theories beyond general relativity (GR) modify the propagation of
gravitational waves (GWs). In some, inhomogeneities (aka. gravitational lenses)
allow interactions between the metric and additional fields to cause
lens-induced birefringence (LIB): a different speed of the two linear GW
polarisations ($+$ and $\times$). Inhomogeneities then act as non-isotropic
crystals, splitting the GW signal into two components whose relative time delay
depends on the theory and lens parameters. Here we study the observational
prospects for GW scrambling, i.e when the time delay between both GW
polarisations is smaller than the signal's duration and the waveform recorded
by a detector is distorted. We analyze the latest LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA catalog,
GWTC-3, and find no conclusive evidence for LIB. The highest log Bayes factor
that we find in favour of LIB is $3.21$ for GW$190521$, a particularly loud but
short event. However, when accounting for false alarms due to (Gaussian) noise
fluctuations, this evidence is below 1-$\sigma$. The tightest constraint on the
time delay is $<0.51$ ms (90% C.L.) from GW$200311\_115853$. From the
non-observation of GW scrambling, we constrain the optical depth for LIB,
accounting for the chance of randomly distributed lenses (eg. galaxies) along
the line of sight. Our LIB constraints on a (quartic) scalar-tensor Horndeski
theory are more stringent than solar system tests for a wide parameter range
and comparable to GW170817 in some limits. Interpreting GW190521 as an AGN
binary (i.e. taking an AGN flare as a counterpart) allows even more stringent
constraints. Our results demonstrate the potential and high sensitivity
achievable by tests of GR, based on GW lensing.

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 Dates: 2023-01-122023
 Publication Status: Issued
 Pages: 18 pages, 10 figures
 Publishing info: -
 Table of Contents: -
 Rev. Type: -
 Identifiers: arXiv: 2301.04826
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.108.024052
 Degree: -

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Title: Physical Review D
Source Genre: Journal
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Pages: - Volume / Issue: 108 (2) Sequence Number: 024052 Start / End Page: - Identifier: -