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  The Politics of Budgetary Constraints: An Ideational Explanation for the Variation in National Fiscal Frameworks in the Eurozone

Eisl, A. (2023). The Politics of Budgetary Constraints: An Ideational Explanation for the Variation in National Fiscal Frameworks in the Eurozone. PhD Thesis, Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris, Paris.

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アイテムのパーマリンク: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000C-942D-B 版のパーマリンク: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000F-6692-9
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 作成者:
Eisl, Andreas1, 2, 著者                 
所属:
1Max Planck Sciences Po Center on Coping with Instability in Market Societies (MaxPo), MPI for the Study of Societies, Max Planck Society, ou_1631137              
2Politische Ökonomie der europäischen Integration, MPI for the Study of Societies, Max Planck Society, ou_1856345              

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キーワード: Comparative political economy, Public debt, Fiscal frameworks, Ideas
 要旨: Situated in the fields of comparative and international political economy, this dissertation is interested in national fiscal frameworks in the eurozone. These sets of fiscal rules and institutions aim at reducing the fiscal policy discretion of political decision-makers. While national fiscal frameworks face substantial convergence pressures in Europe, we can nevertheless observe significant and persistent variation in their stringency, design and timing. The research project thus sets out to explain this fiscal framework variation studying six country cases (Germany, France, Austria, Slovakia, Ireland and Portugal).
Building on a diverse case-selection strategy to maximise both the internal and external validity of the comparative research design, the empirical evidence includes interviews with 81 fiscal policy actors, as well as parliamentary debates, electoral manifestos, legal documents, reports, newspaper articles and descriptive statistics. Drawing on these varied materials, the dissertation tests several theories that could explain the variation in fiscal frameworks and their reforms between the early 1990s and the late 2010s. Among these potential explanations are domestic ideas, national economic interests, public opinion, financial markets, and coercion by powerful external actors.
In-depth process-tracing of fiscal framework reforms in Slovakia, Austria and France highlights the role of country-specific macroeconomic idea-sets in explaining the variation of national fiscal frameworks. Macroeconomic idea-sets differ with regard to the role they assign to the state in the economy and to which extent they favour the use of rules and/or expertise to guide fiscal policymaking. They are embedded in domestic political, economic and research institutions. The case
studies show how Slovak neoliberalism, Austro-pragmatism and French post-dirigisme, respectively, led to the implementation of a constraining, intermediate, and lenient fiscal framework in terms of stringency.
Comparative analyses of all six country cases and the in-depth case studies help to evaluate the extent to which the four alternative theories can explain national fiscal framework variation. The findings suggest that financial markets (in Austria and Slovakia) as well as external coercion (in Ireland and Portugal) played a role in the timing of certain fiscal framework reforms. While correlational evidence also suggests an influence of economic interests on fiscal framework variation, the absence of process-tracing evidence puts this explanation into question. Both economic models and fiscal frameworks might be driven by the same macroeconomic idea-sets instead. Public opinion, finally, did not influence fiscal framework reforms in any significant manner.
 要旨: Située dans les champs de l'économie politique comparative et internationale, cette thèse s'intéresse aux cadres budgétaires nationaux dans la zone euro. Ces ensembles de règles et d'institutions budgétaires visent à réduire le pouvoir discrétionnaire des décideurs politiques en matière de politique budgétaire. Alors que les cadres budgétaires nationaux sont soumis à des pressions de convergence importantes en Europe, nous pouvons néanmoins observer des variations significatives et persistantes dans leur rigueur, leur conception et leur calendrier d’implémentation. Le projet de recherche vise donc à expliquer cette variation des cadres budgétaires à partir de six cas nationaux (Allemagne, France, Autriche, Slovaquie, Irlande et Portugal).
Basé sur une stratégie de sélection de cas diversifiée afin de maximiser la validité interne et externe de cette recherche comparative, les preuves empiriques comprennent des entretiens avec 81 acteurs de la politique budgétaire, ainsi que des débats parlementaires, des manifestes électoraux, des documents juridiques, des rapports, des articles de journaux et des statistiques descriptives. En s'appuyant sur ces matériaux variés, la thèse teste plusieurs théories qui pourraient expliquer la variation des cadres budgétaires et de leurs réformes entre le début des années 1990 et la fin des années 2010. Parmi ces différentes explications potentielles figurent les idées nationales, les intérêts économiques nationaux, l'opinion publique, les marchés financiers et la coercition exercée par de puissants acteurs extérieurs.
Le process-tracing approfondi de réformes des cadres budgétaires en Slovaquie, en Autriche et en France met en évidence le rôle des idées macroéconomiques propres à chaque pays pour expliquer la variation des cadres budgétaires nationaux. Les idées macroéconomiques diffèrent quant au rôle qu'elles attribuent à l'État dans l'économie et à la mesure dans laquelle elles favorisent l'utilisation de règles et/ou d'expertise pour guider l'élaboration de la politique budgétaire. Ils sont ancrés dans les institutions politiques, économiques et de recherche nationales. Les études de cas montrent comment le néolibéralisme slovaque, l'austro-pragmatisme et le post-dirigisme français, respectivement, ont conduit à la mise en oeuvre d'un cadre budgétaire contraignant, intermédiaire et flexible en termes de rigueur.
Les analyses comparatives des six cas nationaux et les études de cas approfondies permettent d'évaluer dans quelle mesure les quatre théories alternatives peuvent expliquer la variation des cadres budgétaires nationaux. Les résultats suggèrent que les marchés financiers (en Autriche et en Slovaquie) ainsi que la coercition extérieure (en Irlande et au Portugal) ont joué un rôle dans le choix du moment de certaines réformes du cadre budgétaire. Si les données corrélationnelles suggèrent également une influence des intérêts économiques sur la variation du cadre budgétaire, l'absence des preuves empiriques fortes dans le process-tracing remet en question cette explication. Il est possible que les modèles économiques et les cadres budgétaires soient tous deux guidés par les mêmes ensembles d'idées macroéconomiques. Enfin, l'opinion publique n'a pas influencé les réformes du cadre budgétaire de manière significative.

資料詳細

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言語: eng - English
 日付: 2023-01-302023
 出版の状態: 出版
 ページ: XI, 465
 出版情報: Paris : Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris
 目次: Abstract
Résumé

1) Introduction: Studying national fiscal frameworks in the eurozone
1.1) The key objectives of this dissertation
1.2) The outline of the dissertation
1.2.1) The theoretical and methodological part of the dissertation
1.2.2) The empirical part of the dissertation
1.2.3) The concluding part of the dissertation

2) In real-world and literature: Three puzzles on national fiscal frameworks
2.1) Introduction and chapter overview
2.2) The object of interest: Fiscal frameworks in the eurozone
2.2.1) Definition of fiscal frameworks
2.2.2) Evolution of fiscal frameworks over time
2.3) The general trend: Multiple convergence pressures in the eurozone
2.4) The central puzzle: Fiscal framework variation amidst convergence pressures
2.4.1) Variations in national fiscal framework stringency
2.4.2) Variations in national fiscal framework design
2.4.3) Variations in national fiscal framework timing
2.4.4) An empirical puzzle: How can we explain the variation in national fiscal frameworks?
2.5) The existing research on fiscal frameworks and its shortcomings
2.5.1) Public choice: Providing the rationales for fiscal frameworks
2.5.2) The art of econometrics: Measuring the effects of fiscal frameworks
2.5.3) Largely a black box: Explanations for fiscal framework variation
2.6) How to jointly address the different puzzles

3) Theory: An ideational explanation of fiscal framework reforms
3.1) Introduction: Explanations for national fiscal framework variation
3.2) An ideational explanation of fiscal framework reforms
3.2.1) The foundations of this dissertation’s ideational explanation
3.2.2) A translational approach to macroeconomic idea-sets
3.2.3) An extension to Ban’s translational approach
3.2.4) Summary of this dissertation’s translational approach to macroeconomic idea-sets
3.3) Alternative explanations of fiscal framework reforms
3.3.1) Economic interests
3.3.2) Public opinion
3.3.3) Financial markets
3.3.4) Coercion by external actors
3.4) Conclusion

4) Methodology: A comparative case-study research design
4.1) Introduction: Maximising external and internal validity
4.2) A comparative case-study design
4.2.1) Comparison
4.2.2) Process tracing
4.2.3) Why an exclusively qualitative approach to study causal mechanisms?
4.3) Multiple sources, types of evidence, and opportunities for causal inference
4.3.1) Triangulation of evidence and methods
4.3.2) Informal Bayesianism
4.4) The cases you select affect the answers you get
4.4.1) How to maximise external and internal validity
4.4.2) Diverse case selection strategy
4.4.3) Concrete case selection
4.4.4) A reduced sample for the in-depth case studies
4.5) Empirical materials and operationalisation
4.5.1) Empirical materials
4.5.2) Dependent variable(s)
4.5.3) Independent variables

5) The empirics of national fiscal framework reforms in the eurozone
5.1) The structure of the empirical chapters
5.2) Overview and analysis of national fiscal frameworks
5.2.1) The Slovak Fiscal Responsibility Act
5.2.2) The Austrian Stability Pact
5.2.3) The French fiscal governance and programming law
5.2.4) The German debt brake
5.2.5) The Irish Fiscal Responsibility Act
5.2.6) The Portuguese budgetary framework law (LEO)
5.3) Summary of the discussion of national fiscal frameworks

6) Economic interests
6.1) Introduction
6.2) Economic and growth models and national fiscal frameworks
6.2.1) Varieties of Capitalism
6.2.2) Economic openness
6.2.3) Growth models
6.2.4) The influence of economic and growth models on national fiscal frameworks
6.3) The role of interest groups
6.3.1) How to measure the influence of interest groups on fiscal framework reforms
6.3.2) Policy preferences and priorities of interest groups
6.3.3) The macroeconomic expertise of interest groups
6.3.4) Strength of interest groups
6.3.5) Overall evaluation of influence of interest groups
6.4) Overall evaluation of the influence of economic models

7) Public opinion and fiscal framework reforms
7.1) Introduction
7.2) Opinion polling and referenda on fiscal policy-making and frameworks
7.2.1) Eurobarometer
7.2.2) Surveys published in newspapers
7.2.3) Referenda
7.3) The (in)consistency of public attitudes towards public finances
7.4) What role for public opinion according to policy-makers?
7.4.1) Perceptions of fiscal policy-makers on public preferences and competences
7.4.2) On the fabrication of public opinion among fiscal policy-makers
7.4.3) Overall findings from the perceptions of policy-makers
7.5) Overall evaluation of the influence of public opinion

8) Financial markets and fiscal framework reforms
8.1) Introduction
8.2) Rating methodologies and national fiscal frameworks
8.2.1) Standard & Poor’s
8.2.2) Moody’s
8.2.3) Fitch Ratings
8.2.4) Joint evaluation
8.3) Sovereign bond ratings and interest rates
8.3.1) Sovereign bond ratings and national fiscal frameworks
8.3.2) Sovereign bond interest rates and national fiscal frameworks
8.3.3) Temporal analysis of the influence of bond ratings and interest rates
8.4) The views of policy-makers on bond ratings and yields/spreads
8.4.1) The French case: A focus on bond yields rather than spreads
8.4.2) The Austrian case – The fear of falling behind the ‘lead group’
8.4.3) The Slovakian case – Sending a signal to the financial markets
8.5) Overall evaluation of the influence of rating agencies and financial markets

9) Coercion by powerful external actors
9.1) Introduction
9.2) Country surveillance by the IMF and European institutions
9.2.1) Empirical materials to study the effect of country surveillance
9.2.2) Article IV Reports and coercive actions across the six cases
9.2.3) Little evidence of coercion through country surveillance
9.3) Coercion through conditionality
9.3.1) Irish letters of intent
9.3.2) Portuguese letters of intent
9.3.3) Limited evidence of coercion through conditionality
9.4) Coercion in the view of policy actors
9.5) Overall evaluation of the role of coercion

10) Slovakia
10.1) Introduction to the Slovak Case
10.2) The Slovak macroeconomic idea-set
10.2.1) Slovak neoliberalism
10.2.2) Details of Slovak neoliberalism
10.3) Slovak political, economic, and research institutions
10.3.1) A post-communist policy-making regime
10.3.2) A dependent liberal production regime
10.3.3) A competitive knowledge regime
10.3.4) Slovak neoliberalism and the institutional set-up
10.4) Slovak neoliberalism and fiscal framework reforms
10.4.1) The rise and fall of Mečiarism
10.4.2) The break with Mečiarism and the neoliberal turn of the 2000s
10.4.3) The Slovak Fiscal Responsibility Act
10.4.4) Adaptations to the European fiscal framework and the post-crisis period
10.5) Conclusion of the Slovak case

11) Austria
11.1) Introduction to the Austrian Case
11.2) The Austrian macroeconomic idea-set
11.2.1) Austro-pragmatism
11.2.2) Austro-pragmatism in practice
11.2.3) Details of Austro-pragmatism
11.3) Austrian political, economic, and research institutions
11.3.1) A consociational policy-making regime
11.3.2) A neo-corporatist production regime
11.3.3) A negotiated knowledge regime
11.3.4) Austro-pragmatism and the institutional set-up
11.4) Austro-pragmatism and fiscal framework reforms
11.4.1) EU-accession and the first Austrian Stability Pact (ÖStP 1999)
11.4.2) The PR-consolidation of Mr. ‘Zero-Deficit’ (ÖStP 2001)
11.4.3) Flexible fiscal framework adaptations (ÖStPs 2005, 2008, 2011)
11.4.4) The strategic victory of Mr. ‘Budget’ (Budget law reform)
11.4.5) Fiscal framework reform as a bargaining chip (Austrian debt brake)
11.4.6) A pragmatic implementation of European requirements (ÖStP 2012, Fiscal Council)
11.4.7) The ‘turquoise zero’ or ‘zero-deficit’ revisited (Recent reform initiatives)
11.5) Conclusion of the Austrian case

12) France
12.1) Introduction to the French case
12.2) The French macroeconomic idea-set
12.2.1) French dirigisme and post-dirigisme
12.2.2) The ‘general interest’, meritocracy and sovereignty supporting post-dirigisme
12.2.3) Details of French post-dirigisme
12.3) French political, economic, and research institutions
12.3.1) A centralist technocratic policy-making regime
12.3.2) A state-influenced production regime
12.3.3) A statist knowledge regime
12.3.4) French Post-dirigisme and the institutional set-up
12.4) French Post-dirigisme and fiscal framework reforms
12.4.1) Getting public finances under control (LFSS, LOLF, LOLFSS)
12.4.2) The Pébereau report and the constitutional balanced budget amendment
12.4.3) The Camdessus report and the failed constitutional reform (2011)
12.4.4) The domestic implementation of European requirements (LOPGFP 2012)
12.4.5) The interpretation of the French fiscal framework
12.5) Conclusion of the French case

13) Bringing the empirical findings together
13.1) Addressing the empirical puzzle
13.1.1) The role of macroeconomic idea-sets
13.1.2) The role of alternative influence factors
13.1.3) Joint analysis of the various theoretical approaches
13.2) Addressing the theoretical and methodological puzzles

14) Conclusion
14.1) Overview
14.2) The main findings of the dissertation
14.2.1) Addressing three research puzzles
14.2.2) Adding to the literature on fiscal framework variation
14.3) Reflection on the used comparative case study-research design
14.3.1) A methodology driven by concerns about validity
14.3.2) Shortcomings of the used methodology and lessons for future research
14.4) Implications for the ongoing reform debate on the European fiscal framework
14.4.1) The expected 2023 European fiscal framework reform
14.4.2) Potential reform consequences for national fiscal frameworks
14.4.3) How fiscal framework change might take place more generally
14.5) Avenues for future research
14.5.1) Fiscal framework research beyond public choice and purely quantitative research
14.5.2) Deepen research on national macroeconomic idea-sets and related institutions
14.6) Concluding remarks

Bibliography

Annex
List of figures
List of tables
Glossary of terms and acronyms
Annex A – Legal bases of fiscal frameworks
Annex B – Analysis of existing fiscal framework indices
The fiscal rules database of the European Commission
Shortcomings of the components of the Fiscal Rule Strength Index
Shortcomings of the overall Standardised Fiscal Rule Index
Summary of the shortcomings of existing fiscal framework indices
Annex C – Measuring budgetary outcomes and fiscal rule compliance
Data revisions linked to the structural balance concept
Data revisions and the ex-post analysis of rule compliance
Summary of the problems to analyse budgetary outcomes and fiscal rule compliance
Annex D – Further information on interviews
The role of interviews in a comparative case-study approach
Selection strategy of potential interviewees
Interview strategy and analysis
List of conducted interviews
Annex E – Ontological and epistemological research foundations
Overview of the approach chosen in this dissertation
A probabilistic ontology of the ‘social world’
On the need for a probabilistic epistemology
Annex F – Causal mechanisms and the adequate methodological approach
Analytical constructs to reduce complexity
How to draw causal inferences about mechanisms from reality?
Acknowledgements

Résumé de la thèse en français
 査読: -
 識別子(DOI, ISBNなど): URN: urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-719510
URI: http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/71951
 学位: 博士号 (PhD)

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