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  Here comes the sun: Music features of popular songs reflect prevailing weather conditions

Anglada-Tort, M., Lee, H., Krause, A. E., & North, A. C. (2023). Here comes the sun: Music features of popular songs reflect prevailing weather conditions. Royal Society Open Science, 10(5): 221443. doi:10.1098/rsos.221443.

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The audio features liveness and instrumentalness were removed because their Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) values were lower than 0.5. We ran a PCA on the resulting audio features (acousticness, danceability, energy, loudness, speechiness, tempo and valence). Bartlett's test (p < 0.001) and the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO = 0.61) measure verified the sampling adequacy for the analysis (all KMO values for the individual features were above 0.5). The scree plot indicated a solution with two factors, and there were only two PCA components with an eigenvalue larger than 1, which explained 56.25% of the variance. Thus, we accepted this two-component solution and computed the corresponding PCA scores for each component (figure 4).
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We ran a PCA on the same audio features used in the main analysis (acousticness, danceability, energy, loudness, speechiness, tempo and valence). Bartlett's test (p < 0.001) and the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO = 0.63) measure verified the sampling adequacy for the analysis (all KMO values for the individual features were above 0.5). The scree plot indicated a solution with two factors and there were only two PCA components with an eigenvalue larger than 1, which explained 57.66% of the variance. Thus, we accepted this two-component solution and computed the corresponding PCA scores for each component (figure 5).
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 Creators:
Anglada-Tort, Manuel1, 2, Author
Lee, Harin2, 3, Author           
Krause, Amanda E.4, Author
North, Adrian C.5, Author
Affiliations:
1Faculty of Music, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, ou_persistent22              
2Computational Auditory Perception Group, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany, ou_persistent22              
3International Max Planck Research School on Neuroscience of Communication: Function, Structure, and Plasticity, MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Max Planck Society, ou_2616696              
4Department of Psychology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, ou_persistent22              
5School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia, ou_persistent22              

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Free keywords: Emotion; Media consumption; Mood; Music preferences; Seasons; Weather
 Abstract: We examine associations between prevailing weather conditions and music features in all available songs that reached the United Kingdom weekly top charts throughout a 67-year period (1953–2019), comprising 23 859 unique entries. We found that music features reflecting high intensity and positive emotions were positively associated with daily temperatures and negatively associated with rainfall, whereas music features reflecting low intensity and negative emotions were not related to weather conditions. These results held true after controlling for the mediating effects of year (temporal patterns) and month (seasonal patterns). However, music–weather associations were more nuanced than previously assumed by linear models, becoming only meaningful in those months and seasons when changes in weather were the most notable. Importantly, the observed associations depended on the popularity of the music: while songs in the top 10 of the charts exhibited the strongest associations with weather, less popular songs showed no relationship. This suggests that a song's fit with prevailing weather may be a factor pushing a song into the top of the charts. Our work extends previous research on non-musical domains (e.g. finance, crime, mental health) by showing that large-scale population-level preferences for cultural phenomena (music) are also influenced by broad environmental factors that exist over long periods of time (weather) via mood-regulation mechanisms. We discuss these results in terms of the limited nature of correlational studies and cross-cultural generalizability.

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Language(s): eng - English
 Dates: 2022-11-082023-02-282023-05-032023-05
 Publication Status: Issued
 Pages: -
 Publishing info: -
 Table of Contents: -
 Rev. Type: -
 Identifiers: DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221443
Other: eCollection 2023
PMID: 37153367
PMC: PMC10154925
 Degree: -

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Project name : PhD studentship
Grant ID : -
Funding program : -
Funding organization : Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes

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Title: Royal Society Open Science
  Abbreviation : R. Soc. open sci.
Source Genre: Journal
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Publ. Info: London : Royal Society
Pages: - Volume / Issue: 10 (5) Sequence Number: 221443 Start / End Page: - Identifier: ISSN: 2054-5703
CoNE: https://pure.mpg.de/cone/journals/resource/2054-5703