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Abstract:
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), are invaluable tools to modulate cortical activity and behavior, but high within- and between-subject variability limit their efficacy and reliability. Here, we explore the potential of electrical field (e-field) based NIBS dosing to reduce its variability and discuss current challenges as well as future pathways. In contrast to previous dosing approaches, e-field dosing optimally matches the stimulation strength across cortical areas, both within and across individuals. Challenges include methodological uncertainties of the e-field calculation, target definitions, and comparability of different stimulation thresholds across cortical areas and NIBS protocols. Despite these challenges, e-field dosing promises to substantially improve NIBS applications in neuroscientific research and personalized medicine.
