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Astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, astro-ph.HE,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, gr-qc
Abstract:
We study kilonova emission from binary neutron star (BNS) mergers for the
case that a remnant massive neutron star (MNS) forms and collapses to a black
hole within $20$ ms after the onset of the merger (which we refer to as "a
short-lived case") by consistently employing numerical-relativity and
nucleosynthesis results. We find that such kilonovae are fainter and last
shorter than those for BNSs resulting in the formation of long-lived ($\gg
1\,{\rm s}$) MNSs, in particular in the optical band. The resulting light
curves are too faint and last for a too short duration to explain the kilonova
observation for the BNS associated with GW170817, indicating that the merger
remnant formed in GW170817 is unlikely to have collapsed to a black hole within
a short period of time ($\sim 20$ ms) after the onset of the merger. Our
present result implies that early observation is necessary to detect kilonovae
associated with BNSs leading to short-lived MNS formation in particular for the
optical blue band as well as that kilonovae could be hidden by the gamma-ray
burst afterglow for nearly face-on observation. We provide a possible
approximate scaling law for near-infrared light curves with the given reference
time and magnitude when the decline power of the ${\it z}$-band magnitude, $d
M_{\it z}/d{\rm log}_{10}t$, reaches $2.5$. This scaling law suggests that the
${\it HK}$-band follow-up observation should be at least $1$ mag deeper than
that for the ${\it z}$-band reference magnitude and earlier than 4 times the
reference time.
