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Free keywords:
Aerodynamic drag; Ground effect; Large eddy simulation; Mixing; Momentum; Morphology; Shear flow; Urban transportation; Exponential velocity profile; Exponentials; Mixing layers; Mixing length; Mixing-layer analogy; Mixing-length parameterization; Real urban morphology; Urban canopy layer; Urban canopy layers; Urban morphology; Velocity profiles; flow modeling; large eddy simulation; momentum transfer; surface layer; turbulent mixing; urban morphology; urban planning; velocity profile; wind velocity; Wind
Abstract:
Urban atmospheric flows are vital to the global ecology. This study characterizes urban canopy layer (UCL) dynamics and parameterizes the flows in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) over heterogeneous urban surfaces. Large-eddy simulations (LESs) are used to transiently calculate the winds over a real, dense city. A linear function of eddy diffusivity of momentum KM is applied to the lower UCL. Analogous to its mixing-layer counterpart, the strong UCL top shear manifests an inflected mean wind speed profile which aligns well with the exponential law. The solutions to the mixing length lm and the turbulent momentum flux are analytically derived by consolidating the mixing-layer type shear and the form drag from the explicitly resolved roughness elements. The behavior of lm in the lower UCL, especially its peaked level, is captured well. Based on the balance between shear and form drag, an aerodynamic effective roof level Hae is designated where the ground effect is alleviated under shear dominance. Results reveal that a rougher urban surface generates eddies with a larger shear length scale, thus enhancing momentum transport. In-canopy turbulence mixing, which slows down wind decay, is also enhanced, resulting in stronger street-level breezes. The newly developed ASL flow model will be beneficial to urban planning by offering reliable predictions, effectuating the management of urban sustainability. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
