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  Morphometric approaches to Cannabis evolution and differentiation from archaeological sites: interpreting the archaeobotanical evidence from bronze age Haimenkou, Yunnan

Dal Martello, R., Min, R., Stevens, C. J., Qin, L., & Fuller, D. Q. (2023). Morphometric approaches to Cannabis evolution and differentiation from archaeological sites: interpreting the archaeobotanical evidence from bronze age Haimenkou, Yunnan. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, s00334-023-00966-6. doi:10.1007/s00334-023-00966-6.

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Fig. S1. Modern cannabis achene measurements (Supplementary material)
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ESM 2: Modern and archaeological measurements (Supplementary material)
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 Creators:
Dal Martello, Rita1, Author           
Min, Rui, Author
Stevens, Chris J., Author
Qin, Ling, Author
Fuller, Dorian Q., Author
Affiliations:
1Domestication and Anthropogenic Evolution Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Max Planck Society, ou_3488679              

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Free keywords: Archaeobotany, Domestication, Hemp, Marijuana, Cannabis, China
 Abstract: Cannabis grains are frequently reported from archaeological sites in Asia, and hypothesized centers of origins are China and Central Asia. Chinese early cannabis remains are often interpreted as evidence of hemp fabric production, in line with early textual evidence describing ritualistic hemp cloth use and hemp cultivation as a grain crop. Modern measurements on cannabis varieties show distinct sizes between fibre or oil/fibre and psychoactive varieties, the former having larger seeds on average than the latter. This paper reviews the current macro-botanical evidence for cannabis across East, Central and South Asia and builds a comparative framework based on modern cannabis seed measurements to help identify cannabis use in the past, through the metric analysis of archaeologically preserved seeds. Over 800 grains of cannabis were retrieved from the 2008 excavation of Haimenkou, Yunnan, Southwest China, dating to between 1650 and 400 bc. These are compared with other known archaeological cannabis and interpreted through the metric framework. This offers a basis for exploration of the seed morphometrics potential to infer cannabis cultivation and diversification in uses. At Haimenkou, cannabis seeds size mostly plot in the range of overlapping psychoactive/fibre types; we therefore suggest that the cannabis assemblage from Haimenkou is indicative of a crop beginning to undergo evolution from its early domesticated form towards a diversified crop specialized for alternative uses, including larger oilseed/fibre adapted varieties.

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Language(s): eng - English
 Dates: 2023-03-102023-07-192023-11-30
 Publication Status: Published online
 Pages: 16
 Publishing info: -
 Table of Contents: Introduction
Taxonomic background and theories on the origins of cannabis
Written records on the antiquity and use of Cannabis in China
Materials and methods
Archaeological and archaeobotanical research at Haimenkou
Metrics on cannabis achenes and collection of metrics
Results
Modern metrics on cannabis grains
Haimenkou cannabis grain metrics
Archaeological cannabis grain metrics
Discussion
Conclusions
 Rev. Type: Peer
 Identifiers: DOI: 10.1007/s00334-023-00966-6
Other: gea0146
 Degree: -

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Title: Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
  Other : Veget. Hist. Archaeobot.
Source Genre: Journal
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Publ. Info: Berlin? : Springer-International
Pages: - Volume / Issue: - Sequence Number: s00334-023-00966-6 Start / End Page: - Identifier: ISSN: 0939-6314
CoNE: https://pure.mpg.de/cone/journals/resource/954925571885