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  Keeping a Job: Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Temporary and Non-Regular Employment in Germany

Akinnimi, A. (2023). Keeping a Job: Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Temporary and Non-Regular Employment in Germany. PhD Thesis, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg.

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Akinnimi, Ayodeji1, 2, Author           
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1International Max Planck Research School on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy, MPI for the Study of Societies, Max Planck Society, ou_1214550              
2Universität Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany, ou_persistent22              

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 Abstract: In 2015 the German government relaxed its restrictions for asylum seekers to enter the German labor market by reducing the waiting time from 15 months to 3 and improving integration supports. The state of research shows that asylum seekers and refugees are mainly employed through temporary agencies. The expectation of labor market researchers is that agency employment provides a steppingstone into regular employment, as refugees learn the language and become better integrated into working in Germany.

This research study shows how employment patterns diverge from the state of the literature to date, which depends on registered data from the job centers and employers. It argues that immigration controls and employment regulations interact to force asylum seekers (especially those whose employment permit has been revoked, and asylum application has returned negative) into informal employment, either intermittently or for the longer term. The research project is based on an ethnography of three main locations of job seeking and day-job markets where asylum seekers are recruited to informal jobs, day-market jobs and scrapyards operated mainly by persons with a migration or refugee background where most asylum seekers find informal work, and temporary agency-client workplaces, where asylum seekers are placed and share information on agencies.

The thesis investigates the strategies used by these asylum seekers to be recruited by the temporary work agencies into the formal sector and by migrant entrepreneurs into the informal sector respectively. My empirical evidence suggest that social ties are essential resources to enter both the formal and informal sectors of the German labor market, and even more essential for asylum seekers ‘’without prospects to remain’’ to remain active within the former, as they intend to turn around their labor market trajectory, improve their residence status and livelihood.

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Language(s): eng - English
 Dates: 2023-10-112023
 Publication Status: Issued
 Pages: 221
 Publishing info: Duisburg : University of Duisburg-Essen
 Table of Contents: Chapter One: Introducing the Research
1 Introduction
1.1 The German context
1.2 Research questions
1.3 Structure of the research

Chapter Two: The Economic Sociology of Migrant Labor Markets
2 Introduction
2.1 The state of research on asylum seekers’ labor market
2.2 Migrant (social) networks
2.3 Social capital
2.4 Autonomy of migration
2.4.1 Structuration and voluntaristic action
2.4.2 Structural constraints and facilitators
2.5 Research design
2.5.1 Developing and formulating research ideas
2.5.2 Profile of asylum seekers and refugees in Germany
2.5.3 Regulation for labor market access
2.5.4 Patterns of employment- low-skilled sector
2.6 Methodology
2.6.1 Research locations and field access
2.6.2 Data collection
2.6.3 Observation
2.6.4 Semi-structured interviews and conversations
2.6.6 Expert Interviews
2.7 Data Analysis and writing-up
2.8 Research ethics
2.9 Encountering limitations and challenges

Chapter Three: Job-seeking Experience: social connections, immigration controls and employment regulations
3 Introduction
3.1 Pattern of job-seeking and employments
3.1.1 The role of “weak ties” for finding temporary agency jobs
3.1.2 Finding jobs in the informal market- “weak ties” vs “ethnic ties”
3.2 Immigration controls collide and interact with employment regulations
3.2.1 Persons entitled to asylum
3.2.2 Tolerated persons and other asylum seekers
3.2.3 Forced informalization of asylum seekers’ labor
3.3 Immigration controls and vulnerability

Chapter Four: The informalization of Asylum labor- migrant entrepreneurs and marriage market
4 Introduction
4.1 Locked out of formal employment- agency job is not a steppingstone
4.1.1 Relegated into the shadows of informalized employment
4.1.2 The informality of day-market and voluntary jobs
4.2 Migrant entrepreneurs and the informal market
4.3 Migrant entrepreneurs as “bridges” for social connection
4.4 Marriage market- finding a partner as the “game changer’’

Chapter Five: Theoretical Contributions and Conclusion
5 Introduction
5.1 Mapping of social ties based on ethnographic findings
5.2 Escaping the “camp’’- autonomy of asylum seekers
5.3 Asylum workers’ agency: the economic sociology of “social ties” and decent work

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 Degree: PhD

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