Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk 501 during historically low X-ray and 
$γ$-ray activity

MAGIC collaboration,; collaborations,; Abe, H.; Abe, S.; Acciari, V.A.; Agudo, I.; Aniello, T.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L.A.; Arbet Engels, A.; Arcaro, C.; Artero, M.; Asano, K.; Baack, D.; Babić, A.; Baquero, A.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio, J.A.; Batković, I.; Baxter, J.; Becerra González, J.; Bednarek, W.; Bernardini, E.; Bernardos, M.; Berti, A.; Besenrieder, J.; Bhattacharyya, W.; Bigongiari, C.; Biland, A.; Blanch, O.; Bonnoli, G.; Bošnjak, Ž.; Burelli, I.; Busetto, G.; Carosi, R.; Carretero-Castrillo, M.; Castro-Tirado, A.J.; Ceribella, G.; Chai, Y.; Chilingarian, A.; Cikota, S.; Colombo, E.; Contreras, J.L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; D'Amico, G.; D'Elia, V.; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Lotto, B.; Del Popolo, A.; Delfino, M.; Delgado, J.; Delgado Mendez, C.; Depaoli, D.; Di Pierro, F.; Di Venere, L.; Do Souto Espiñeira, E.; Dominis Prester, D.; Donini, A.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Elsaesser, D.; Emery, G.; Escudero, J.; Fallah Ramazani, V.; Fariña, L.; Fattorini, A.; Foffano, L.; Font, L.; Fruck, C.; Fukami, S.; Fukazawa, Y.; García López, R.J.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gasparyan, S.; Gaug, M.; Giesbrecht Paiva, J.G.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Gliwny, P.; Godinović, N.; Grau, R.; Green, D.; Green, J.G.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Hassan, T.; Heckmann, L.; Herrera, J.; Hrupec, D.; Hütten, M.; Imazawa, R.; Inada, T.; Iotov, R.; Ishio, K.; Jiménez Martínez, I.; Jormanainen, J.; Kerszberg, D.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lamastra, A.; Lelas, D.; Leone, F.; Lindfors, E.; Linhoff, L.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; López-Coto, R.; López-Moya, M.; López-Oramas, A.; Loporchio, S.; Lorini, A.; Lyard, E.; Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Maneva, G.; Mang, N.; Manganaro, M.; Mangano, S.; Mannheim, K.; Mariotti, M.; Martínez, M.; Mas-Aguilar, A.; Mazin, D.; Menchiari, S.; Mender, S.; Mićanović, S.; Miceli, D.; Miener, T.; Miranda, J.M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Molina, E.; Mondal, H.A.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende, D.; Moreno, V.; Nakamori, T.; Nanci, C.; Nava, L.; Neustroev, V.; Nievas Rosillo, M.; Nigro, C.; Nilsson, K.; Nishijima, K.; Njoh Ekoume, T.; Noda, K.; Nozaki, S.; Ohtani, Y.; Oka, T.; Okumura, A.; Otero-Santos, J.; Paiano, S.; Palatiello, M.; Paneque, D.; Paoletti, R.; Paredes, J.M.; Pavletić, L.; Persic, M.; Pihet, M.; Pirola, G.; Podobnik, F.; Prada Moroni, P.G.; Prandini, E.; Principe, G.; Priyadarshi, C.; Rhode, W.; Ribó, M.; Rico, J.; Righi, C.; Rugliancich, A.; Sahakyan, N.; Saito, T.; Sakurai, S.; Satalecka, K.; Saturni, F.G.; Schleicher, B.; Schmidt, K.; Schmuckermaier, F.; Schubert, J.L.; Schweizer, T.; Sitarek, J.; Sliusar, V.; Sobczynska, D.; Spolon, A.; Stamerra, A.; Strišković, J.; Strom, D.; Strzys, M.; Suda, Y.; Surić, T.; Tajima, H.; Takahashi, M.; Takeishi, R.; Tavecchio, F.; Temnikov, P.; Terauchi, K.; Terzić, T.; Teshima, M.; Tosti, L.; Truzzi, S.; Tutone, A.; Ubach, S.; van Scherpenberg, J.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Ventura, S.; Verguilov, V.; Viale, I.; Vigorito, C.F.; Vitale, V.; Vovk, I.; Walter, R.; Will, M.; Wunderlich, C.; Yamamoto, T.; Zarić, D.; groups, Other; Cerruti, M.; Acosta-Pulido, J.A.; Apolonio, G.; Bachev, R.; Baloković, M.; Benítez, E.; Björklund, I.; Bozhilov, V.; Brown, L.F.; Bugg, A.; Carbonell, W.; Carnerero, M.I.; Carosati, D.; Casadio, C.; Chamani, W.; Chen, W.P.; Chigladze, R.A.; Damljanovic, G.; Epps, K.; Erkenov, A.; Feige, M.; Finke, J.; Fuentes, A.; Gazeas, K.; Giroletti, M.; Grishina, T.S.; Gupta, A.C.; Gurwell, M.A.; Heidemann, E.; Hiriart, D.; Hou, W.J.; Hovatta, T.; Ibryamov, S.; Joner, M.D.; Jorstad, S.G.; Kania, J.; Kiehlmann, S.; Kimeridze, G.N.; Kopatskaya, E.N.; Kopp, M.; Korte, M.; Kotas, B.; Koyama, S.; Kramer, J.A.; Kunkel, L.; Kurtanidze, S.O.; Kurtanidze, O.M.; Lähteenmäki, A.; López, J.M.; Larionov, V.M.; Larionova, E.G.; Larionova, L.V.; Leto, C.; Lorey, C.; Mújica, R.; Madejski, G.M.; Marchili, N.; Marscher, A.P.; Minev, M.; Modaressi, A.; Morozova, D.A.; Mufakharov, T.; Myserlis, I.; Nikiforova, A.A.; Nikolashvili, M.G.; Ovcharov, E.; Perri, M.; Raiteri, C.M.; Readhead, A.C.S.; Reimer, A.; Reinhart, D.; Righini, S.; Rosenlehner, K.; Sadun, A.C.; Savchenko, S.S.; Scherbantin, A.; Schneider, L.; Schoch, K.; Seifert, D.; Semkov, E.; Sigua, L.A.; Singh, C.; Sola, P.; Sotnikova, Y.; Spencer, M.; Steineke, R.; Stojanovic, M.; Strigachev, A.; Tornikoski, M.; Traianou, E.; Tramacere, A.; Troitskaya, Yu.V.; Troitskiy, I.S.; Trump, J.B.; Tsai, A.; Valcheva, A.; Vasilyev, A.A.; Verrecchia, F.; Villata, M.; Vince, O.; Vrontaki, K.; Weaver, Z.R.; Zaharieva, E.; Zottmann, N.

doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acc181

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Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk 501 during historically low X-ray and $γ$-ray activity

MAGIC collaboration, collaborations, Abe, H., Abe, S., Acciari, V., Agudo, I., et al. (2023). Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk 501 during historically low X-ray and $γ$-ray activity. Astrophysical Journal Supplement, 266, 37. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acc181.

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Item Permalink: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000F-1260-0 Version Permalink: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-000F-1261-F

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MAGIC collaboration¹, Author
collaborations¹, Author
Abe, H.¹, Author
Abe, S.¹, Author
Acciari, V.A.¹, Author
Agudo, I.¹, Author
Aniello, T.¹, Author
Ansoldi, S.¹, Author
Antonelli, L.A.¹, Author
Arbet Engels, A.¹, Author
Arcaro, C.¹, Author
Artero, M.¹, Author
Asano, K.¹, Author
Baack, D.¹, Author
Babić, A.¹, Author
Baquero, A.¹, Author
Barres de Almeida, U.¹, Author
Barrio, J.A.¹, Author
Batković, I.¹, Author
Baxter, J.¹, Author
Becerra González, J.¹, AuthorBednarek, W.¹, AuthorBernardini, E.¹, AuthorBernardos, M.¹, AuthorBerti, A.¹, AuthorBesenrieder, J.¹, AuthorBhattacharyya, W.¹, AuthorBigongiari, C.¹, AuthorBiland, A.¹, AuthorBlanch, O.¹, AuthorBonnoli, G.¹, AuthorBošnjak, Ž.¹, AuthorBurelli, I.¹, AuthorBusetto, G.¹, AuthorCarosi, R.¹, AuthorCarretero-Castrillo, M.¹, AuthorCastro-Tirado, A.J.¹, AuthorCeribella, G.¹, AuthorChai, Y.¹, AuthorChilingarian, A.¹, AuthorCikota, S.¹, AuthorColombo, E.¹, AuthorContreras, J.L.¹, AuthorCortina, J.¹, AuthorCovino, S.¹, AuthorD'Amico, G.¹, AuthorD'Elia, V.¹, AuthorDa Vela, P.¹, AuthorDazzi, F.¹, AuthorDe Angelis, A.¹, AuthorDe Lotto, B.¹, AuthorDel Popolo, A.¹, AuthorDelfino, M.¹, AuthorDelgado, J.¹, AuthorDelgado Mendez, C.¹, AuthorDepaoli, D.¹, AuthorDi Pierro, F.¹, AuthorDi Venere, L.¹, AuthorDo Souto Espiñeira, E.¹, AuthorDominis Prester, D.¹, AuthorDonini, A.¹, AuthorDorner, D.¹, AuthorDoro, M.¹, AuthorElsaesser, D.¹, AuthorEmery, G.¹, AuthorEscudero, J.¹, AuthorFallah Ramazani, V.¹, AuthorFariña, L.¹, AuthorFattorini, A.¹, AuthorFoffano, L.¹, AuthorFont, L.¹, AuthorFruck, C.¹, AuthorFukami, S.¹, AuthorFukazawa, Y.¹, AuthorGarcía López, R.J.¹, AuthorGarczarczyk, M.¹, AuthorGasparyan, S.¹, AuthorGaug, M.¹, AuthorGiesbrecht Paiva, J.G.¹, AuthorGiglietto, N.¹, AuthorGiordano, F.¹, AuthorGliwny, P.¹, AuthorGodinović, N.¹, AuthorGrau, R.¹, AuthorGreen, D.¹, AuthorGreen, J.G.¹, AuthorHadasch, D.¹, AuthorHahn, A.¹, AuthorHassan, T.¹, AuthorHeckmann, L.¹, AuthorHerrera, J.¹, AuthorHrupec, D.¹, AuthorHütten, M.¹, AuthorImazawa, R.¹, AuthorInada, T.¹, AuthorIotov, R.¹, AuthorIshio, K.¹, AuthorJiménez Martínez, I.¹, AuthorJormanainen, J.¹, AuthorKerszberg, D.¹, AuthorKobayashi, Y.¹, AuthorKubo, H.¹, AuthorKushida, J.¹, AuthorLamastra, A.¹, AuthorLelas, D.¹, AuthorLeone, F.¹, AuthorLindfors, E.¹, AuthorLinhoff, L.¹, AuthorLombardi, S.¹, AuthorLongo, F.¹, AuthorLópez-Coto, R.¹, AuthorLópez-Moya, M.¹, AuthorLópez-Oramas, A.¹, AuthorLoporchio, S.¹, AuthorLorini, A.¹, AuthorLyard, E.¹, AuthorMachado de Oliveira Fraga, B.¹, AuthorMajumdar, P.¹, AuthorMakariev, M.¹, AuthorManeva, G.¹, AuthorMang, N.¹, AuthorManganaro, M.¹, AuthorMangano, S.¹, AuthorMannheim, K.¹, AuthorMariotti, M.¹, AuthorMartínez, M.¹, AuthorMas-Aguilar, A.¹, AuthorMazin, D.¹, AuthorMenchiari, S.¹, AuthorMender, S.¹, AuthorMićanović, S.¹, AuthorMiceli, D.¹, AuthorMiener, T.¹, AuthorMiranda, J.M.¹, AuthorMirzoyan, R.¹, AuthorMolina, E.¹, AuthorMondal, H.A.¹, AuthorMoralejo, A.¹, AuthorMorcuende, D.¹, AuthorMoreno, V.¹, AuthorNakamori, T.¹, AuthorNanci, C.¹, AuthorNava, L.¹, AuthorNeustroev, V.¹, AuthorNievas Rosillo, M.¹, AuthorNigro, C.¹, AuthorNilsson, K.¹, AuthorNishijima, K.¹, AuthorNjoh Ekoume, T.¹, AuthorNoda, K.¹, AuthorNozaki, S.¹, AuthorOhtani, Y.¹, AuthorOka, T.¹, AuthorOkumura, A.¹, AuthorOtero-Santos, J.¹, AuthorPaiano, S.¹, AuthorPalatiello, M.¹, AuthorPaneque, D.¹, AuthorPaoletti, R.¹, AuthorParedes, J.M.¹, AuthorPavletić, L.¹, AuthorPersic, M.¹, AuthorPihet, M.¹, AuthorPirola, G.¹, AuthorPodobnik, F.¹, AuthorPrada Moroni, P.G.¹, AuthorPrandini, E.¹, AuthorPrincipe, G.¹, AuthorPriyadarshi, C.¹, AuthorRhode, W.¹, AuthorRibó, M.¹, AuthorRico, J.¹, AuthorRighi, C.¹, AuthorRugliancich, A.¹, AuthorSahakyan, N.¹, AuthorSaito, T.¹, AuthorSakurai, S.¹, AuthorSatalecka, K.¹, AuthorSaturni, F.G.¹, AuthorSchleicher, B.¹, AuthorSchmidt, K.¹, AuthorSchmuckermaier, F.¹, AuthorSchubert, J.L.¹, AuthorSchweizer, T.¹, AuthorSitarek, J.¹, AuthorSliusar, V.¹, AuthorSobczynska, D.¹, AuthorSpolon, A.¹, AuthorStamerra, A.¹, AuthorStrišković, J.¹, AuthorStrom, D.¹, AuthorStrzys, M.¹, AuthorSuda, Y.¹, AuthorSurić, T.¹, AuthorTajima, H.¹, AuthorTakahashi, M.¹, AuthorTakeishi, R.¹, AuthorTavecchio, F.¹, AuthorTemnikov, P.¹, AuthorTerauchi, K.¹, AuthorTerzić, T.¹, AuthorTeshima, M.¹, AuthorTosti, L.¹, AuthorTruzzi, S.¹, AuthorTutone, A.¹, AuthorUbach, S.¹, Authorvan Scherpenberg, J.¹, AuthorVazquez Acosta, M.¹, AuthorVentura, S.¹, AuthorVerguilov, V.¹, AuthorViale, I.¹, AuthorVigorito, C.F.¹, AuthorVitale, V.¹, AuthorVovk, I.¹, AuthorWalter, R.¹, AuthorWill, M.¹, AuthorWunderlich, C.¹, AuthorYamamoto, T.¹, AuthorZarić, D.¹, Authorgroups, Other¹, AuthorCerruti, M.¹, AuthorAcosta-Pulido, J.A.¹, AuthorApolonio, G.¹, AuthorBachev, R.¹, AuthorBaloković, M.¹, AuthorBenítez, E.¹, AuthorBjörklund, I.¹, AuthorBozhilov, V.¹, AuthorBrown, L.F.¹, AuthorBugg, A.¹, AuthorCarbonell, W.¹, AuthorCarnerero, M.I.¹, AuthorCarosati, D.¹, AuthorCasadio, C.¹, AuthorChamani, W.¹, AuthorChen, W.P.¹, AuthorChigladze, R.A.¹, AuthorDamljanovic, G.¹, AuthorEpps, K.¹, AuthorErkenov, A.¹, AuthorFeige, M.¹, AuthorFinke, J.¹, AuthorFuentes, A.¹, AuthorGazeas, K.¹, AuthorGiroletti, M.¹, AuthorGrishina, T.S.¹, AuthorGupta, A.C.¹, AuthorGurwell, M.A.¹, AuthorHeidemann, E.¹, AuthorHiriart, D.¹, AuthorHou, W.J.¹, AuthorHovatta, T.¹, AuthorIbryamov, S.¹, AuthorJoner, M.D.¹, AuthorJorstad, S.G.¹, AuthorKania, J.¹, AuthorKiehlmann, S.¹, AuthorKimeridze, G.N.¹, AuthorKopatskaya, E.N.¹, AuthorKopp, M.¹, AuthorKorte, M.¹, AuthorKotas, B.¹, AuthorKoyama, S.¹, AuthorKramer, J.A.¹, AuthorKunkel, L.¹, AuthorKurtanidze, S.O.¹, AuthorKurtanidze, O.M.¹, AuthorLähteenmäki, A.¹, AuthorLópez, J.M.¹, AuthorLarionov, V.M.¹, AuthorLarionova, E.G.¹, AuthorLarionova, L.V.¹, AuthorLeto, C.¹, AuthorLorey, C.¹, AuthorMújica, R.¹, AuthorMadejski, G.M.¹, AuthorMarchili, N.¹, AuthorMarscher, A.P.¹, AuthorMinev, M.¹, AuthorModaressi, A.¹, AuthorMorozova, D.A.¹, AuthorMufakharov, T.¹, AuthorMyserlis, I.¹, AuthorNikiforova, A.A.¹, AuthorNikolashvili, M.G.¹, AuthorOvcharov, E.¹, AuthorPerri, M.¹, AuthorRaiteri, C.M.¹, AuthorReadhead, A.C.S.¹, AuthorReimer, A.¹, AuthorReinhart, D.¹, AuthorRighini, S.¹, AuthorRosenlehner, K.¹, AuthorSadun, A.C.¹, AuthorSavchenko, S.S.¹, AuthorScherbantin, A.¹, AuthorSchneider, L.¹, AuthorSchoch, K.¹, AuthorSeifert, D.¹, AuthorSemkov, E.¹, AuthorSigua, L.A.¹, AuthorSingh, C.¹, AuthorSola, P.¹, AuthorSotnikova, Y.¹, AuthorSpencer, M.¹, AuthorSteineke, R.¹, AuthorStojanovic, M.¹, AuthorStrigachev, A.¹, AuthorTornikoski, M.¹, AuthorTraianou, E.¹, AuthorTramacere, A.¹, AuthorTroitskaya, Yu.V.¹, AuthorTroitskiy, I.S.¹, AuthorTrump, J.B.¹, AuthorTsai, A.¹, AuthorValcheva, A.¹, AuthorVasilyev, A.A.¹, AuthorVerrecchia, F.¹, AuthorVillata, M.¹, AuthorVince, O.¹, AuthorVrontaki, K.¹, AuthorWeaver, Z.R.¹, AuthorZaharieva, E.¹, AuthorZottmann, N.¹, Author more..

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1Max Planck Institute for Physics, Max Planck Society and Cooperation Partners, ou_2253650

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Abstract: We study the broadband emission of Mrk 501 using multi-wavelength observations from 2017 to 2020 performed with a multitude of instruments, involving, among others, MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and OVRO. Mrk 501 showed an extremely low broadband activity, which may help to unravel its baseline emission. Nonetheless, significant flux variations are detected at all wavebands, with the highest occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (VHE) $\gamma$-rays. A significant correlation ($>$3$\sigma$) between X-rays and VHE $\gamma$-rays is measured, supporting leptonic scenarios to explain the variable parts of the emission, also during low activity. This is further supported when we extend our data from 2008 to 2020, and identify, for the first time, significant correlations between Swift-XRT and Fermi-LAT. We additionally find correlations between high-energy $\gamma$-rays and radio, with the radio lagging by more than 100 days, placing the $\gamma$-ray emission zone upstream of the radio-bright regions in the jet. Furthermore, Mrk 501 showed a historically low activity in X-rays and VHE $\gamma$-rays from mid-2017 to mid-2019 with a stable VHE flux ($>$0.2 TeV) of 5% the emission of the Crab Nebula. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of this 2-year-long low-state, the potential baseline emission of Mrk 501, can be characterized with one-zone leptonic models, and with (lepto)-hadronic models fulfilling neutrino flux constraints from IceCube. We explore the time evolution of the SED towards the low-state, revealing that the stable baseline emission may be ascribed to a standing shock, and the variable emission to an additional expanding or traveling shock.

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Dates: Date issued: 2023

Publication Status: Issued

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Identifiers: Other: MPP-2023-371
URI: https://publications.mppmu.mpg.de/?action=search&mpi=MPP-2023-371
arXiv: arxiv:2210.02547
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/acc181
URI: https://inspirehep.net/arxiv/2210.02547

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Title: Astrophysical Journal Supplement

Abbreviation : Astrophys.J.S.

Source Genre: Journal

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Pages: - Volume / Issue: 266 Sequence Number: - Start / End Page: 37 Identifier: -