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  Ecology and demography of early Homo sapiens: a synthesis of archaeological and climatic data from eastern Africa

Timbrell, L. (2024). Ecology and demography of early Homo sapiens: a synthesis of archaeological and climatic data from eastern Africa. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 59(1): 2307790, pp. 76-110. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2024.2307790.

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Timbrell, Lucy1, Author           
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1Human-Palaeosystems Independent Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Max Planck Society, ou_3564891              

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Free keywords: Modern human evolution, Middle Stone Age, ecological refugia, lithic technology, palaeoenvironmental change, complex fitness landscape
 Abstract: Eastern Africa maintains a key position in debates surrounding the emergence of Homo sapiens across Africa. Extensive research in the region has revealed a rich fossil record in association with a ‘generic’ but variable Middle Stone Age (MSA) material culture, providing an important laboratory for testing hypotheses about the behavioural evolution of our species. For example, multiple archaeological studies of the eastern African MSA note a link between the distribution and density of sites, archaeological diversity and environmental conditions, with ecology and demography often cited as key drivers of cultural evolution. This article formulates new hypotheses using theoretical models of complex fitness landscapes of evolution and reviews the archaeological and climatic records of Middle-late Pleistocene eastern Africa in the light of these ideas. It proposes that evidence from eastern Africa implicates much of the region as a refugial zone within Pleistocene Africa, providing consistently suitable conditions for survival that were characterised by high and changing biodiversity, facilitating population growth and interconnectivity as well as material culture diversification. Interactions between different evolutionary processes likely resulted in the complex cultural mosaic observed across Africa, including the appearance of ‘specific’ innovations against a backdrop of more ‘generic’ MSA elements.
 Abstract: L’Afrique de l’Est occupe une position clé dans les débats autour de l’émergence de l’Homo sapiens en Afrique. Les recherches approfondies dans la région ont révélé de riches archives fossiles en association avec une culture matérielle ‘générique’ mais variable de l’Âge de Pierre Moyen (MSA), fournissant un laboratoire important pour tester les hypothèses sur l’évolution comportementale de notre espèce. Par exemple, de multiples études archéologiques sur le MSA d’Afrique de l’Est ont relevé un lien entre la répartition et la densité des sites, la diversité archéologique, et les conditions environnementales. L’écologie et la démographie sont souvent citées comme moteurs clés de l’évolution culturelle. Cet article formule de nouvelles hypothèses en utilisant des modèles théoriques de ‘fitness landscapes’ évolutionnaires complexes, passant en revue les archives archéologiques et climatiques de l’Afrique de l’Est du Pléistocène moyen-tardif à la lumière de ces idées. Nous proposons que les données provenant d’Afrique de l'Est impliquent une grande partie de la région comme zone refuge au sein de l’Afrique au Pléistocène, offrant des conditions de survie qui restèrent appropriées de façon durable, caractérisées par une biodiversité élevée et changeante, facilitant la croissance et l’interconnectivité de la population ainsi que la diversification de la culture matérielle. Les interactions entre différents processus évolutionnaires ont probablement abouti à la mosaïque culturelle complexe que l’on observe à travers l’Afrique, y compris l’apparition d’innovations ‘spécifiques’ sur fond d’éléments MSA plus ‘génériques’.

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Language(s): eng - English
 Dates: 2023-10-132024-01-112024-03-202024-01
 Publication Status: Issued
 Pages: 35
 Publishing info: -
 Table of Contents: Introduction
Understanding the African Middle Stone Age
Theoretical expectations for cultural variability in the MSA
Developing new hypotheses about the MSA
Archaeological data from eastern Africa
Chronological change through the eastern African MSA sequence
MIS 6 and older
MIS 5
MIS 4 and younger
Further features of the eastern African MSA record
Environmental context of the eastern African MSA
Palaeoenvironmental proxies
Palaeoenvironmental models
The complex landscape of cultural evolution in the Middle Stone Age
Understanding the role of eastern Africa in the evolution of Homo sapiens
Eastern Africa within the context of continental-wide cultural change
Conclusion




 Rev. Type: Peer
 Identifiers: DOI: 10.1080/0067270X.2024.2307790
Other: gea0207
 Degree: -

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Title: Azania : Archaeological Research in Africa
  Other : Azania
Source Genre: Journal
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Publ. Info: Abingdon : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
Pages: - Volume / Issue: 59 (1) Sequence Number: 2307790 Start / End Page: 76 - 110 Identifier: ISSN: 0067-270X
ISSN: 1945-5534
CoNE: https://pure.mpg.de/cone/journals/resource/0067-270X