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  SARS-CoV-2 Mpro responds to oxidation by forming disulfide and NOS/SONOS bonds

Reinke, P. Y. A., Schubert, R., Oberthür, D., Galchenkova, M., Mashhour, A. R., Günther, S., et al. (2024). SARS-CoV-2 Mpro responds to oxidation by forming disulfide and NOS/SONOS bonds. Nature Communications, 15(1): 3827. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48109-3.

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 Creators:
Reinke, P. Y. A.1, Author
Schubert, R.1, Author
Oberthür, D.1, Author
Galchenkova, M.1, Author
Mashhour, A. R.1, Author
Günther, S.1, Author
Chretien, A.1, Author
Round, A.1, Author
Seychell, B. C.1, Author
Norton-Baker, B.2, 3, Author           
Kim, C.1, Author
Schmidt, C.1, Author
Koua, F. H. M.1, Author
Tolstikova, A.1, Author
Ewert, W.1, Author
Murillo, G. E. P.1, Author
Mills, G.1, Author
Kirkwood, H.1, Author
Brognaro, H.1, Author
Han, H.1, Author
Koliyadu, J.1, AuthorSchulz, J.1, AuthorBielecki, J.1, AuthorLieske, J.1, AuthorMaracke, J.1, AuthorKnoska, J.1, AuthorLorenzen, K.1, AuthorBrings, L.1, AuthorSikorski, M.1, AuthorKloos, M.1, AuthorVakili, M.1, AuthorVagovic, P.1, AuthorMiddendorf, P.1, Authorde Wijn, R.1, AuthorBean, R.1, AuthorLetrun, R.1, AuthorHan, S.1, AuthorFalke, S.1, AuthorGeng, T.1, AuthorSato, T.1, AuthorSrinivasan, V.1, AuthorKim, Y.1, AuthorYefanov, O. M.1, AuthorGelisio, L.1, AuthorBeck, T.1, AuthorDoré, A. S.1, AuthorMancuso, A. P.1, AuthorBetzel, C.1, AuthorBajt, S.1, AuthorRedecke, L.1, AuthorChapman, H. N.1, AuthorMeents, A.1, AuthorTurk, D.1, AuthorHinrichs, W.1, AuthorLane, T. J.1, Author more..
Affiliations:
1external, ou_persistent22              
2Miller Group, Atomically Resolved Dynamics Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Max Planck Society, ou_1938288              
3Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, ou_persistent22              

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 Abstract: The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for viral function and a key drug target. Mpro is only active when reduced; turnover ceases upon oxidation but is restored by re-reduction. This suggests the system has evolved to survive periods in an oxidative environment, but the mechanism of this protection has not been confirmed. Here, we report a crystal structure of oxidized Mpro showing a disulfide bond between the active site cysteine, C145, and a distal cysteine, C117. Previous work proposed this disulfide provides the mechanism of protection from irreversible oxidation. Mpro forms an obligate homodimer, and the C117-C145 structure shows disruption of interactions bridging the dimer interface, implying a correlation between oxidation and dimerization. We confirm dimer stability is weakened in solution upon oxidation. Finally, we observe the protein’s crystallization behavior is linked to its redox state. Oxidized Mpro spontaneously forms a distinct, more loosely packed lattice. Seeding with crystals of this lattice yields a structure with an oxidation pattern incorporating one cysteine-lysine-cysteine (SONOS) and two lysine-cysteine (NOS) bridges. These structures further our understanding of the oxidative regulation of Mpro and the crystallization conditions necessary to study this structurally.

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Language(s): eng - English
 Dates: 2023-09-152024-04-192024-05-07
 Publication Status: Published online
 Pages: -
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 Table of Contents: -
 Rev. Type: Peer
 Identifiers: DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48109-3
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Project name : We acknowledge T. White for assistance during the XFEL experiment and C. Uetrecht for valuable discussions. T.J.L. was supported by a Helmholtz Young Investigator Award. H.B., C.B., S.B., H.N.C., T.J.L. acknowledge financial support obtained from the Cluster of Excellence ‘Advanced Imaging of Matter’ of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - EXC 2056 - project ID 390715994. In addition, H.B. and C.B. received support from BMBF via projects 05K19GU4 and 05K20GUB. The Helmholtz association funded S.F., J.L. and A.M. through the project FISCOV and P.Y.A.R. and A.M. through FragX. The Helmholtz association further supported the project by financing P.Y.A.R, J.L. and A.M. via the Impulse and Networking funds InternLabs-0011 ‘HIR3X’. W.E. was supported through the BMBF-funded project “ConScience” (project 16GW0277) and the Röntgen-Angstrom cluster project “X-ray drug design platform” (13K22CHB). D.T. was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS; research program P1-0048, Infrastructural program IO-0048). L.R. was financed by BMBF project 13K18FLA. We acknowledge European XFEL in Schenefeld, Germany, for provision of x-ray free-electron laser beamtime at SPB/SFX as part of proposal 2696 and would like to thank the staff for their assistance. The authors are indebted to the XFEL Biology Infrastructure (XBI) for the provision of instrumentation that has enabled this experiment. Sample reservoirs and the anti-settling device employed in parts of the measurements presented here were designed and fabricated by the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, which also provided instruction in its use. This research was supported through computational resources (Maxwell cluster) and experimental facilities (PETRA-III beamline P11) operated by Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany, a member of the Helmholtz Association HGF. We acknowledge the P11 staff for their invaluable help. All authors are indebted to Galen Correy, as well as an anonymous reviewer, for constructive criticism during the review process. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
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Title: Nature Communications
  Abbreviation : Nat. Commun.
Source Genre: Journal
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Publ. Info: London : Nature Publishing Group
Pages: - Volume / Issue: 15 (1) Sequence Number: 3827 Start / End Page: - Identifier: ISSN: 2041-1723
CoNE: https://pure.mpg.de/cone/journals/resource/2041-1723