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  How maize farmers in the US Southwest grew and prospered under El Niño but suffered under La Niña

Gillreath-Brown, A. D., & Kohler, T. A. (2024). How maize farmers in the US Southwest grew and prospered under El Niño but suffered under La Niña. Kiva, 2348941. doi:10.1080/00231940.2024.2348941.

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 Creators:
Gillreath-Brown, Andrew D.1, Author           
Kohler, Timothy A., Author
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1Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Max Planck Society, ou_3398738              

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Free keywords: Maize, early agriculture, migration, US Southwest, summer temperatures, late Holocene, ENSO, modern analog technique
 Abstract: Variability in temperature and soil moisture influenced the spread and productive potential of maize. A new low-frequency reconstruction of US Southwest summer temperatures from 3000 BC to present shows generally warmer temperatures until the first century AD. From then until AD 1000, temperatures were generally cooler, though a warming trend continuing to present begins ca. AD 400, interrupted by cooling ca. AD 900 and 1400. Proposing a “ENSO Index” for the US Southwest, we argue that El Niño-like conditions dominated much of the second millennium BC and the first millennium AD, depressing summer temperatures relative to northern hemisphere norms but providing favorable winter moisture for maize. La Niña-like conditions (much less favorable to maize) dominated most of the period from 800 BC – AD 100 and AD 1200 to ca. 1900. We connect these low-frequency trends with tendencies in how and where people lived, emphasizing developments in the ancestral Pueblo area.

La variabilidad en la temperatura y la humedad del suelo incluyo la extensión y el potencial productivo del maíz. Una nueva reconstrucción de baja frecuencia de las temperaturas de verano del suroeste de EE.UU. del año 3000 a.C. hasta la presente muestra que las temperaturas eran generalmente más cálidas hasta el primer siglo d.C. Desde esa época hasta el año 1000 d.C. las temperaturas fueron generalmente más frías, aunque una tendencia de calentamiento que continúa hasta presente comenzó alrededor del año 400 d.C., y fue interrumpida por el enfriamiento alrededor del 900 d.C. y el 1400 d.C. Al proponer un “Índice ENOS” para el suroeste de los Estados Unidos, argumentamos que condiciones similares a El Niño dominaron una gran parte del segundo milenio a.C. y del primer milenio d.C. disminuyendo las temperaturas de verano en relación con las normas del hemisferio norte, pero proporcionando una humedad invernal favorable para el maíz. Las condiciones similares a La Niña (mucho menos favorables para el maíz) dominaron la mayor parte del período comprendido entre el 800 a.C. al 100 d.C. del 1200 d.C. hasta aproximadamente 1900. Conectamos estas tendencias de baja frecuencia con las tendencias de cómo y dónde vivía la gente, haciendo hincapié en los desarrollos dentro del área de Pueblo Ancestral.

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Language(s): eng - English
 Dates: 2024-06-05
 Publication Status: Published online
 Pages: 26
 Publishing info: -
 Table of Contents: A New Summer Temperature Reconstruction for the US Southwest
Five Thousand Years of Farming Under Low-Frequency Variability
Conceptualizing Effects of Low-Frequency Variability
Introduction and Spread of Maize in the Southwest
Population Growth and Large-Scale Movement
Eleventh-Century Florescence
Thirteenth-Century Crisis
Conclusion
 Rev. Type: Peer
 Identifiers: DOI: 10.1080/00231940.2024.2348941
Other: gea0253
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Title: Kiva
  Other : Kiva : the journal of southwestern anthropology and history
Source Genre: Journal
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Publ. Info: London : Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group
Pages: - Volume / Issue: - Sequence Number: 2348941 Start / End Page: - Identifier: ISSN: 0023-1940
ISSN: 2051-6177
CoNE: https://pure.mpg.de/cone/journals/resource/0023-1940