English
 
Help Privacy Policy Disclaimer
  Advanced SearchBrowse

Item

ITEM ACTIONSEXPORT
 
 
DownloadE-Mail
  "Return of Dependency" or "A New Hope"? East-South Investment and Interdependent Development in Colombia

Baumann, C. (2024). "Return of Dependency" or "A New Hope"? East-South Investment and Interdependent Development in Colombia. PhD Thesis, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg.

Item is

Files

show Files
hide Files
:
mpifg_diss24_Baumann.pdf (Any fulltext), 4MB
 
File Permalink:
-
Name:
mpifg_diss24_Baumann.pdf
Description:
Full text
OA-Status:
Visibility:
Private
MIME-Type / Checksum:
application/pdf
Technical Metadata:
Copyright Date:
-
Copyright Info:
-
License:
-

Locators

show

Creators

show
hide
 Creators:
Baumann, Clara1, 2, Author                 
Affiliations:
1International Max Planck Research School on the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy, MPI for the Study of Societies, Max Planck Society, ou_1214550              
2University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany, ou_persistent22              

Content

show
hide
Free keywords: -
 Abstract: For decades, economies of the Global “North” have expanded their production chains to the Global “South” and benefitted from the latter´s cheap primary resources and surplus labor. Thereby, the target countries found themselves hindered from developing and trapped in dependency on the Global North. While economic and political elites partially benefitted from their cooperation with foreign multinational corporations (MNCs), these dynamics worsened economic and social inequalities among the broader target-country populations.
The more recent emergence of new competitors from East Asia – and, since the early 2000s, particularly China – challenges these traditional power dynamics. Existing literature conceptualizes these new actors as new “core” countries that reinforce traditional patterns of dependency. This research, in contrast, explores whether, and to what extent, these actors provide potentially new patterns of “East-South” investment. The leading question therefore is: Do the global investment activities of new competitors from East Asia (and especially China) generate post-dependent development rather than new dependencies?
The research argues that the impact of Chinese MNCs on development in the Global South – based on China´s own national interests, its stage of development, and its unique state-firm relations – differs from that of its Northern counterparts in various dimensions: First, they enhance new dynamics of competition and collaboration by focusing on specific sectors that had long been neglected by Northern investors but are crucial for the development of its target countries. One important example is infrastructure investments undertaken within China´s “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI, established in 2013), and the U.S.-led response of “Build Back Better World” (B3W, established in 2021). Both programs aim to promote growth through infrastructure development and compete for their target countries´ attention. Second, the impact of Chinese MNCs on the ground is strongly shaped by both the legal guidelines and informal rules of their target countries: Although Chinese overseas MNCs barely differ from their Northern counterparts in their attempts to use legal loopholes when entering new countries and markets, they demonstrate higher flexibility, steeper learning curves, and – under certain circumstances – a greater willingness to adapt to both target-country state and labor demands. These dynamics include, but are not restricted to, the reduction of Chinese “transplant labor”, the rapid improvements of safety conditions, as well as the adaption to cultural norms and values at the workplace.
Building on and modifying theories of dependency and dependent development, the research compares the crucial cases of U.S. and Chinese MNCs in Colombia: Colombia presents a particularly interesting target country based on its 200 years of diplomatic relationship with the United States that resulted in dependent development. This relationship has only recently been affected by the increasing amount of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) and MNCs entering the country, mainly since 2015. Guided by a qualitative approach and elements of grounded theory, the research combines documentary research and 64 expert and participant interviews, including Colombian and Chinese workers, CEOs, unionists, and members of governmental institutions, with ethnographic observations from over two years of online and in-person fieldwork in Colombia.
 Abstract: Jahrzehntelang haben die Volkswirtschaften des "Globalen Nordens" ihre Produktionsketten auf den "Globalen Süden" ausgedehnt und von dessen billigen Rohstoffen und überschüssigen Arbeitskräften profitiert. Dadurch wurden die Zielländer in ihrer Entwicklung behindert und in eine Abhängigkeit vom Globalen Norden gedrängt. Während die wirtschaftlichen und politischen Eliten teilweise von der Zusammenarbeit mit ausländischen multinationalen Unternehmen profitierten, verschärfte diese Dynamik die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Ungleichheiten in der breiten Bevölkerung der Zielländer.
Das jüngste Auftreten neuer Wettbewerber aus Ostasien - und seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre insbesondere aus China - stellt diese traditionelle Machtdynamik in Frage. In der bestehenden Literatur werden diese neuen Akteure als neue "Kernländer" betrachtet, die die traditionellen Abhängigkeitsmuster verstärken. Im Gegensatz dazu wird in dieser Studie untersucht, ob und inwieweit diese Akteure potenziell neue Muster von "Ost-Süd"-Investitionen hervorbringen. Die Leitfrage lautet daher: Führen die globalen Investitionsaktivitäten der neuen Wettbewerber aus Ostasien (und insbesondere China) eher zu einer post-abhängigen Entwicklung als zu neuen Abhängigkeiten?
In der Studie wird argumentiert, dass sich der Einfluss chinesischer multinationaler Konzerne auf die Entwicklung im Globalen Süden - basierend auf Chinas eigenen nationalen Interessen, seinem Entwicklungsstand und seinen einzigartigen Beziehungen zwischen Staat und Unternehmen - in verschiedenen Dimensionen von dem ihrer Pendants aus dem Norden unterscheidet: Erstens fördern sie eine neue Dynamik des Wettbewerbs und der Zusammenarbeit, indem sie sich auf bestimmte Sektoren konzentrieren, die von Investoren aus dem Norden lange Zeit vernachlässigt wurden, aber für die Entwicklung ihrer Zielländer entscheidend sind. Ein wichtiges Beispiel sind die Infrastrukturinvestitionen im Rahmen der 2013 ins Leben gerufenen "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) Chinas und des von den USA geführten Programms "Build Back Better World" (B3W, seit 2021). Beide Programme zielen darauf ab, das Wachstum durch den Ausbau der Infrastruktur zu fördern, und konkurrieren um die Aufmerksamkeit ihrer Zielländer. Zweitens wird der Einfluss chinesischer multinationaler Unternehmen vor Ort stark von den gesetzlichen Richtlinien und informellen Regeln ihrer Zielländer geprägt: Obwohl sich chinesische MNCs in Übersee in ihren Versuchen, beim Eintritt in neue Länder und Märkte rechtliche Schlupflöcher zu nutzen, kaum von ihren nördlichen Pendants unterscheiden, zeigen sie eine höhere Flexibilität, steilere Lernkurven und - unter bestimmten Umständen - eine größere Bereitschaft, sich sowohl an die staatlichen als auch an die arbeitsrechtlichen Anforderungen des Ziellandes anzupassen. Zu diesen Dynamiken gehören unter anderem die Reduzierung der chinesischen „transplantierten Arbeiter“, die rasche Verbesserung der Sicherheitsbedingungen sowie die Anpassung an kulturelle Normen und Werte am Arbeitsplatz.
Aufbauend auf und durch Weiterentwicklung der Dependenztheorie sowie Theorien über „abhängige Entwicklung“ vergleicht die Untersuchung die entscheidenden Fälle von US-amerikanischen und chinesischen multinationalen Unternehmen in Kolumbien: Kolumbien ist ein besonders interessantes Zielland, da es seit 200 Jahren diplomatische Beziehungen zu den Vereinigten Staaten unterhält, die zu einer abhängigen Entwicklung geführt haben. Diese Beziehung wurde erst in jüngster Zeit durch den zunehmenden Umfang chinesischer Direktinvestitionen und multinationaler Unternehmen beeinflusst, die vor allem seit 2015 in das Land eindringen. Geleitet von einem qualitativen Ansatz und Elementen der Grounded Theory, kombiniert die Studie dokumentarische Recherchen und 64 Experten- und Teilnehmerinterviews, darunter kolumbianische und chinesische Arbeiter, CEOs, Gewerkschafter und Mitglieder staatlicher Institutionen, mit ethnografischen Beobachtungen aus über zwei Jahren Online- und persönlicher Feldforschung in Kolumbien.

Details

show
hide
Language(s): eng - English
 Dates: 2024-05-312024
 Publication Status: Issued
 Pages: xx, 411
 Publishing info: Duisburg : University of Duisburg-Essen
 Table of Contents: Abstract
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
List of Figures, Tables, and Images
Abbreviations and Acronyms
A note on language

Chapter I – Introduction
I. Introduction
1.1 200 Years of Dependency?
1.2 Pride and prejudice: New dynamics of development through “Eastern” interventions?
II. Literature review and research questions
2.1 From dependency to dependent development: Towards an actor-centered approach
2.2 Global value chains: Industry-based upgrading strategies
2.3 The revival of dependency theories: From North-South to East-South investment
2.4 Gaps and research questions
III. Theoretical framework
3.1 Defining development
3.2 Exploring the “voices” of decision-makers shaping development
3.3 Defining dependent development: The role of the “triple alliance”
3.4 From dependent to negotiated development
IV. Research Design, Case Selection, and Methodology
4.1 Research Design
a) The state dimension: Comparing North-South and East-South investment
b) The actor dimension: Analyzing the role of labor and civil society within the quadruple alliance
4.2 Case selection: Focal countries, sectors, and time frame
a) Target countries: The cases of LAC and Colombia
b) China in LAC and Colombia
c) Focal sectors, ownership categories, and time frame
4.3 Methodology and data collection
a) Access and positionality
b) Data collection and analysis
V. Outline
PART I - Extending the “Triple Alliance”: State-led and top-down approaches to target-country social development

Chapter II - The voice of the sending state: Competition and collaboration in China´s target countries
I. Introduction: 100 years of construction – Bogotá´s metro project as a game changer?
1.1 China as new competitor in Latin America
1.2 Outlook: (Inter)dependent development and competition
II. Literature review and historical background: The “great rivalry” between China and the U.S.
2.1 Overview: Chinese investments in LAC and Colombia in a comparative perspective
III. Theoretical framework: Actor-driven development - Integrating the role of the sending state in Peter Evans´ “triple alliance”
3.1 Defining the triple alliance and the role of MNCs
3.2 Modifying the triple alliance: The role of competition among sending states
3.2.1 Enhanced competition through increased “Eastern” market participation
3.2.2 Towards “Eastern-led” negotiated development?
IV. “When two quarrel, the third rejoices”: Competitive dynamics among Chinese and U.S.-based MNCs in Colombia
4.1 State-led infrastructure projects in Colombia
4.1.1 The role of infrastructure as key sector for Colombia´s development
4.1.2 China´s “Belt and Road Initiative” speaking towards Colombia´s interests
4.2 Private MNCs in Colombia´s ICT sector
4.2.1 Digital development and decreasing U.S. investments in Colombia
4.2.2 “The Chinese Empire strikes back”: New Chinese competitors in U.S.-led territories
V. Discussion and Conclusion
Chapter III - The voice of the sending state: Sending-state – firm relations
I. Introduction: Towards China´s “(in)visible hand”?
II. Literature Review: Global and Chinese state-firm relations
III. Theoretical framework: From corporate to “ideological” embeddedness
3.1 Approaching the concept of embeddedness
3.2 From the “developmental state” to the “sensitive sending state”?
3.3 Shades of embeddedness
IV. Entering China´s Labor Market
4.1 Historical trajectories of labor relations in China
4.2 Mapping domestic Chinese labor relations
4.3 Expanding Chinese labor relations beyond China
4.3.1 State control over Chinese foreign investments
4.3.2 Governmental influence on MNCs beyond China
4.3.3 On extraterritorial obligations and voluntary guidelines
V. Entering the U.S. labor market
5.1 History and mapping of domestic U.S. labor relations
5.2 Expanding U.S. labor relations beyond the U.S.
5.2.1 State control over U.S. MNCs abroad
5.2.2 On extraterritorial obligations and voluntary guidelines
VI. Discussion and Conclusion
Chapter IV - The voice of the target state – Collaboration and direct negotiations
I. Introduction: Approaching Colombia´s “visible hand”
II. Literature Review: Target-state agency in international cooperation
III. Theoretical framework: Towards an increasing agency of the target-country state?
IV. State-state negotiations and bilateral agreements
4.1 The impact of bilateral trade agreements on development
4.2 International capital and bilateral trade agreements in Colombia
4.2.1 U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Establishing labor rights “beyond” U.S.-based MNCs
4.2.2 China-Colombia bilateral trade agreements and their impact: Political conditions and economic sovereignty
V. State-firm relations and Public-Private Partnerships
5.1 State-Firm agreements enhancing target-country agency?
5.2 Public biddings in Colombia´s infrastructure sector
Step 1: Thermoelectric Plants - Gecelca 3 and Gecelca 3.2
Step 2: Highway to the Sea - Mar 2
Step 3: First Metro of Bogotá - PLMB
Step 4: U.S. (counter-) initiatives to enter Colombia´s infrastructure sector
VI. Discussion and Conclusion

PART II - Towards the “Quadruple Coalition”: Bottom-up and labor-driven social development
Chapter V - The voice of labor: Employment creation
I. Introduction: 200 years of exploitation – The impact of foreign MNCs on labor
1.1 China and „Chinese labor relations” entering Colombia
1.2 Employment creation and “decent work” as essential indicators of development
1.3 Outlook: (Inter)dependent development and decent work
II. Literature Review and historical background: From “exploitative Northern-led” to “exclusive Chinese” labor relations
III. Theoretical framework
3.1 From the triple alliance to the “quadruple coalition”
3.2 Shaping the “quadruple coalition”
3.2.1 Varieties of (sending-country) interests, narratives, and flexibility
3.2.2 Corporate embeddedness: State interests trickling down to employees
IV. Enhancing development: Employment creation by Chinese MNCs
4.1 Overview: Legal and historical background – Labor-related requirements for MNCs in Colombia
4.2. The reduction of transplant labor in Chinese SOEs in Colombia
4.2.1 Overview: General composition of employees at Chinese SOEs in Colombia
4.2.2 Evolution of transplant labor in Chinese-led infrastructure projects in Colombia
4.2.3 Broadening the scope - Employment creation in private Chinese MNCs in Colombia
V. Discussion and conclusion
Chapter VI – The voice of labor: Employment conditions
I. Introduction: Decent work and development
II. Literature review: Employment relations in Chinese MNCs overseas
III. Theoretical framework
3.1 Labor struggles in a global context
3.2 Bottom-up movements and the dual labor market
IV. Historical background: Labor rights in Colombia
4.1 Striving for empowerment: Weak labor rights since Colombia´s civil war
4.2 Establishing monitoring mechanisms: Unions and alternative intermediaries
4.2.1 Unions in U.S.-based and Chinese MNCs in Colombia
4.2.2 COPASST, Coexistence Committees, and “Friendly Intermediaries”
4.3 Subcontracting and outsourcing in Colombia
V. Contesting labor relations “with Chinese characteristics”?
5.1 Employment conditions and negotiation strategies of high-skilled labor in Colombia
5.1.1 Structures and hierarchies at Chinese and U.S.-based MNCs in Colombia
5.1.2 Conflicts and protests at Chinese and U.S.-based MNCs in Colombia
5.2 Labor conditions and negotiation strategies of low-skilled workers in Colombia
5.2.1 For the sake of workers within reach of China? - Employment structures and protests at Chinese MNCs
5.2.2 100 years of strike: Employment structures and protests at U.S.-based MNCs
VI. Discussion and Conclusion
Chapter VII – The voice of labor: Training and education
I. Introduction: Enhancing social development through education
II. Literature review: Training and education in Chinese MNCs
III. Theoretical framework: Matching interests shaping training and education
IV. Inequality and higher education in Colombia
V. Training and education in Chinese and U.S.-based MNCs in Colombia
5.1 Direct knowledge transfer: Training and learning on the job
5.1.1 Language classes
5.2 Shared and indirect knowledge transfer: Training and education through collaborations with third institutions
5.3 Outsourced knowledge creation: Training and education through CSR
VI. Discussion and Conclusion
Chapter VIII: Conclusion
I. The trajectories of “new” Chinese MNCs breaking “old” U.S.-led dependencies
II. Conceptual, theoretical and empirical contributions
III. From “Chinese-led” to “Eastern-led” development?
IV. Limitations and further research

Bibliography
Annex A: List of interview partners
Annex B: Informed Consent Sheet – English
Annex C: Hoja de consentimiento informado – Español
 Rev. Type: -
 Identifiers: -
 Degree: PhD

Event

show

Legal Case

show

Project information

show

Source

show