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regional modeling; sulfate forcing; ship emissions; Mediterranean Sea
Abstract:
Ship emissions contribute substantially to atmospheric pollution over the summertime Mediterranean region, thereby modifying the radiation budget through sulfate aerosol forcing. By applying a regional atmospheric-chemistry model
and a radiation model we determine the seasonal variability of secondary trace gases and aerosols, their origin and
impact on climate. Summer mean sulfate aerosol column burden over the Mediterranean is 7.8 mg m⁻² and remarkably higher than the European mean of 4.7 mg m⁻². Partitioning SOx emissions into land and water sources allows to investigate their respective impact on the sulfate aerosol concentration, its total burden and direct radiative forcing. 54% of the total sulfate aerosol column burden over the Mediterranean in summer originates from ship emissions.
Accordingly, they contribute over 50% to the direct radiative forcing. Running the model without ship emissions
significantly reduces near surface concentration of sulfate, ozone, nitric acid, hydroxy radicals and formaldehyde. As
the applied ship emission inventory is based on the year 1990 and model results tend to underestimate observed concentrations at Mediterranean locations influenced by ship emissions, we assume that increased ship emissions during
the past decade contribute nowadays even stronger to secondary pollution formation and radiative forcing.
