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Abstract

Non-invasive recording in untethered animals is arguably the ultimate
step in the analysis of neuronal function, but such recordings remain
elusive. To address this problem, we devised a system that tracks
neuron-sized fluorescent targets in real time. The system can be used
to create virtual environments by optogenetic activation of sensory
neurons, or to image activity in identified neurons at high
magnification. By recording activity in neurons of freely moving C.
elegans, we tested the long-standing hypothesis that forward and
reverse locomotion are generated by distinct neuronal circuits.
Surprisingly, we found motor neurons that are active during both types
of locomotion, suggesting a new model of locomotion control in C.
elegans. These results emphasize the importance of recording neuronal
activity in freely moving animals and significantly expand the
potential of imaging techniques by providing a mean to stabilize
fluorescent targets.