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Abstract

During the 2000s, the dress of Muslim women in Muslim-minority countries
in Europe and elsewhere became increasingly a matter for debate and, in several
instances, the subject of legislation. In France, a ban on the wearing of the headscarf
in places of education (2004) was followed in 2010 by the law criminalizing the wearing
of the face-veil (usually but inaccurately referred to as the ‘burqa’) in public space.
Other countries have enacted similar legislation. Muslim women’s dress has historically
been a controversial matter in Muslim-majority countries, too, most recently
in North Africa following the Arab Spring, but the present paper concentrates on
the movement against face-veiling in Western Europe, documenting what has been
happening and analysing the arguments proposed to justify criminalizing this type
of garment. In doing so, the paper explores the implications for our understanding
of contemporary (ethnically and religiously) diverse societies and their governance.
Is anti-veiling legislation a protest against what is interpreted as an Islamic practice
unacceptable in liberal democracies, a sign of a wider discomfort with non-European
otherness, or an expression of an underlying racism articulated in cultural terms?
Whatever the reason, is criminalization an appropriate response? An Appendix notes
some topics for further research.