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Abstract

In continuous manual control tasks, human controllers adapt their control strategy to the dynamics of the controlled element. This compensation for the controlled-element dynamics is performed around the pilot–vehicle system crossover frequency, in order to obtain satisfactory performance of the combined pilot–vehicle system, but is also seen to extend to frequencies well above crossover. For a controlled element representing the linearized pitch dynamics of a small conventional jet aircraft, an extension to the models for pilot equalization described in the literature was found to be needed for the modeling of the adopted pilot equalization dynamics over a wide frequency range. Measured pilot describing functions revealed that pilots use a combination of low-frequency lag and high-frequency lead equalization to compensate for the characteristics of these typical aircraft pitch dynamics around the short-period mode. An additional high-frequency lead term in the pilot equalization transfer function was found to allow for the modeling of these adopted equalization dynamics over a wide frequency range, thereby also yielding a significant increase in the percentage of measured control inputs that is explained by the pilot model. Furthermore, for this controlled element the extended model for the equalization dynamics was found to be important for the interpretation of the changes in pilot control behavior that occur due to the presence of physical motion feedback.