Abstract
A functional distinction can be made between different types of spatial representations with regards to the degree of 'orientation-specificity' observed - that is, the extent to which accessibility of the representation is contingent on the originally learned orientation. In a series of experiments, using both real and virtual environments, we investigated the mechanisms underlying orientation-specificity following various learning conditions (via maps, via active navigation, and via passive navigation). We also explored how the quality of proprioceptive input provided by a navigational interface affected performance. The results revealed an important role for active navigation in building flexible, orientation-free spatial representations.
