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Abstract

Flies move their eyes by turning their heads either spontaneously or in response to unexpected disturbances of their preferred flight attitude. They use several visual and
mechanosensory cues to keep flight balance and to stabilize their eyes relative to the surroundings by compensatory
head/eye movements. The various sensory subsystems have
different speed characteristics and cooperate autonomously
to provide the fly with fast and accurate visual
stabilization. Head and trunk are coordinated by neck sense
organs affecting head posture as well as flight torque. The
functional structure of the fly's gaze control system
changes its input-and output configuration when the fly
alternates between flight and walking