Ultrafast Transitions from Solid to Liquid and Plasma States of Graphite 
Induced by X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Pulses

Hau-Riege, Stefan P.; Graf, A.; Döppner, T.; London, Richard A.; Krzywinski, Jacek; Fortmann, Carsten; Glenzer, S. H.; Frank, Matthias; Sokolowski-Tinten, Klaus; Messerschmidt, Marc; Bostedt, Christoph; Schorb, Sebastian; Bradley, J. A.; Lutman, Alberto; Rolles, Daniel; Rudenko, Artem; Rudek, Benedikt

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.217402

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Ultrafast Transitions from Solid to Liquid and Plasma States of Graphite Induced by X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Pulses

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Rolles, Daniel
Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Max Planck Society;

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Rudek, Benedikt
Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Max Planck Society;

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.217402
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Citation

Hau-Riege, S. P., Graf, A., Döppner, T., London, R. A., Krzywinski, J., Fortmann, C., et al. (2012). Ultrafast Transitions from Solid to Liquid and Plasma States of Graphite Induced by X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Pulses. Physical Review Letters, 108(21): 217402, pp. 1-5. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.217402.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0024-132D-0

Abstract

We used photon pulses from an x−ray free−electron laser to study ultrafast x−ray−induced transitions of graphite from solid to liquid and plasma states. This was accomplished by isochoric heating of graphite samples and simultaneous probing via Bragg and diffuse scattering at high time resolution. We observe that disintegration of the crystal lattice and ion heating of up to 5 eV occur within tens of femtoseconds. The threshold fluence for Bragg−peak degradation is smaller and the ion−heating rate is faster than current x−ray−matter interaction models predict