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Abstract

MOTIVATION: It is commonplace to predict targets of transcription factors (TFs) by sequence matching with their binding motifs. However, this ignores the particular condition of the cells. Gene expression data can provide condition-specific information, as is, e.g. exploited in Motif Enrichment Analysis. RESULTS: Here, we introduce a novel tool named condition-specific target prediction (CSTP) to predict condition-specific targets for TFs from expression data measured by either microarray or RNA-seq. Based on the philosophy of guilt by association, CSTP infers the regulators of each studied gene by recovering the regulators of its co-expressed genes. In contrast to the currently used methods, CSTP does not insist on binding sites of TFs in the promoter of the target genes. CSTP was applied to three independent biological processes for evaluation purposes. By analyzing the predictions for the same TF in three biological processes, we confirm that predictions with CSTP are condition-specific. Predictions were further compared with true TF binding sites as determined by ChIP-seq/chip. We find that CSTP predictions overlap with true binding sites to a degree comparable with motif-based predictions, although the two target sets do not coincide. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: CSTP is available via a web-based interface at http://cstp.molgen.mpg.de.