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Abstract

Using black hole inequalities and the increase of the horizon’s areas, we show that there are arbitrarily small electro-vacuum perturbations of the standard initial data of the extreme Reissner–Nordström black hole that (by contradiction) cannot decay in time into any extreme Kerr–Newman black hole. This proves that, in a formal sense, the reduced family of the extreme Kerr–Newman black holes is unstable. It remains of course to be seen whether the whole family of charged black holes, including those extremes, is stable or not.