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Abstract

Many wide-­area storage systems replicate data for durability. A common way of maintaining the replicas is to detect node failures and respond by creating additional copies of objects that were stored on failed nodes and hence suffered a loss of redundancy. Reactive techniques can minimize total bytes sent since they only create replicas as needed; however, they can create spikes in network use after a failure. These spikes may overwhelm application traffic and can make it difficult to provision bandwidth. This paper explores a proactive approach that creates additional copies not in response to failures, but periodically at a fixed low rate. We introduce Tempo, a distributed hash table that allows each user to specify a maximum maintenance bandwidth and uses it to perform proactive replication. Results from a simulation study suggest that Tempo can deliver high durability despite only using several kilobytes per second of bandwidth, comparable to state­-of-the-­ art reactive systems.