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Age and Growth Patterns of Brazil Nut Trees (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) in Amazonia, Brazil

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Schöngart,  Jochen
Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

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Citation

Schöngart, J., Gribel, R., da Fonseca-Junior, S. F., & Haugaasen, T. (2015). Age and Growth Patterns of Brazil Nut Trees (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) in Amazonia, Brazil. Biotropica, 47(5), 550-558. doi:10.1111/btp.12243.


Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0029-2889-B
Abstract
Various techniques have been used to estimate the age of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.), but these techniques produce large discrepancies. Here, we first verified that two individuals of known ages from a plantation in central Amazonia, Brazil, have a congruent number of growth rings. The indexed average tree-ring curve was significantly correlated with total precipitation during the rainy season (November-June) over a 50-yr period, confirming the annual nature of the tree rings. Second, we analyzed Brazil nut trees from two populations in the Trombetas (eastern Amazon) and Purus (central Amazon) regions, performing tree-ring analysis to estimate tree age and diameter increment rates. We compared age-diameter relationships, mean passage time through 10-cm diameter size classes, and growth trajectories of individual trees. The maximum age of Brazil nut trees analyzed was 361yr in the Purus and 401yr in the Trombetas. Trees at the Purus site had higher mean diameter increment rates and showed more variation compared to trees at the Trombetas site. Individual growth trajectories show that the majority of trees attained the canopy by direct growth, while a smaller number passed through one release or one suppression event before becoming established in the canopy. None of the trees passed through multiple release and suppression events. The age estimations presented here are comparable to previous tree-ring analyses for the species, and the observed growth patterns support earlier work indicating B.excelsa as a gap-dependent tree species. Resumo Varias tecnicas vem sido utilizadas para se estimar a idade de Castanheiras-do-Para (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.). Entretanto, diferentes metodos apresentaram grande discrepancias em relacAo as estimativas das idades. No presente estudo, primeiramente verificamos um numero congruente de aneis de crescimento de dois individuos com idades conhecidas pertencentes a uma plantacAo na Amazonia Central, Brasil. A curva media indexada dos aneis de crescimento apresentou uma relacAo significativa com a precipitacAo total durante a estacAo chuvosa (novembro a junho) ao longo de um periodo de 50 anos, confirmando a natureza anual dos aneis das arvores. Posteriormente, analisamos os aneis de crescimento a fim de estimar a idade das arvores da Castanheiras-do-Para e as taxas de incremento de madeira em duas populacoes: uma na regiAo do rio Trombetas (Amazonia Oriental) e outra no rio Purus (Amazonia Central). Nestes dois locais, avaliamos as relacoes entre idade e diametro, o tempo medio para avancarem pelas classes de tamanho de 10cm de diametro e as trajetorias de crescimento individual das arvores. A idade maxima das Castanheiras-do-Para analisadas foi de 361 anos no Purus, e de 401 anos no Trombetas. As taxas de incremento diametrico medio foram altas e mais variaveis no Purus do que no Trombetas. As trajetorias de crescimento individual mostraram que a maioria das arvores atingiu o dossel por crescimento direto, enquanto um numero menor passou por um evento de liberacAo ou supressAo antes de se estabelecer no dossel. Nenhuma das arvores passou por eventos multiplos de liberacAo ou supressAo. As estimativas de idade apresentadas aqui sAo comparaveis as analises anteriores de aneis de crescimento para a especie e os padroes de crescimento observados corroboram estudos anteriores indicando que a Castanheira-do-Para e uma especie arborea dependente de clareiras.