Abstract
Scaling is an emerging concept for understanding climate variability on all timescales. Here, we introduce the concept of scaling and discuss its importance for climate studies. We also discuss possible mechanisms for the emergence of scaling in the climate system.
One of the most intriguing facets of the climate system is that it exhibits variability on all timescales, e.g. convective activity on an hourly timescale, synoptic weather systems on a daily timescale, large-scale teleconnection patterns with timescales from intra-seasonal to interannual, the coupled atmosphere-ocean system with variability on decadal and centennial timescales and then there are the timescales associated with the ice ages. This variability on different timescales is not arbitrary as discovered by Harold Edwin Hurst (1880-1978). Hurst was a hydrologist and investigated the long-term storage capacities of reservoirs (Hurst 1951). He was interested in estimating the optimal height of a dam so that the water level in the reservoir is consistently high enough to always allow a sufficient amount of water to flow out of the reservoir. By examining the water-level fluctuations in reservoirs, he discovered a relationship between the variability and the timescale over which the variability is estimated. This relationship is now called the Hurst effect, which describes among others the property that the variability over short timescales has a smaller amplitude than over long timescales. The Hurst effect has since been discovered in many other climate variables like temperature, precipitation and tree rings (Hurst 1951).
