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Journal Article

Role of Precursor Carbides for Graphene Growth on Ni(111)

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Rameshan,  Raffael
Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute, Max Planck Society;
Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck;

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Citation

Rameshan, R., Vonk, V., Frank, D., Drnec, J., Penner, S., Garhofer, A., et al. (2018). Role of Precursor Carbides for Graphene Growth on Ni(111). Scientific Reports, 8: 2662. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20777-4.


Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0000-B5B0-C
Abstract
Surface X-ray Diffraction was used to study the transformation of a carbon-supersaturated carbidic precursor toward a complete single layer of graphene in the temperature region below 703 K without carbon supply from the gas phase. The excess carbon beyond the 0.45  monolayers of C atoms within a single Ni2C layer is accompanied by sharpened reflections of the |4772| superstructure, along with ring-like diffraction features resulting from non-coincidence rotated Ni2C-type domains. A dynamic Ni2C reordering process, accompanied by slow carbon loss to subsurface regions, is proposed to increase the Ni2C 2D carbide long-range order via ripening toward coherent domains, and to increase the local supersaturation of near-surface dissolved carbon required for spontaneous graphene nucleation and growth. Upon transformation, the intensities of the surface carbide reflections and of specific powder-like diffraction rings vanish. The associated change of the specular X-ray reflectivity allows to quantify a single, fully surface-covering layer of graphene (2 ML C) without diffraction contributions of rotated domains. The simultaneous presence of top-fcc and bridge-top configurations of graphene explains the crystal truncation rod data of the graphene-covered surface. Structure determination of the |4772| precursor surface-carbide using density functional theory is in perfect agreement with the experimentally derived X-ray structure factors.