Relevance of the Quadratic Diamagnetic and Self-Polarization Terms in Cavity 
Quantum Electrodynamics

Schäfer, C.; Ruggenthaler, M.; Rokaj, V.; Rubio, A.

doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.9b01649

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Relevance of the Quadratic Diamagnetic and Self-Polarization Terms in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics

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Schäfer, C.
International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging & Structural Dynamics (IMPRS-UFAST), Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Max Planck Society;
Theory Group, Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Max Planck Society;
Center for Free-Electron Laser Science;

Ruggenthaler, M.
Theory Group, Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Max Planck Society;
Center for Free-Electron Laser Science;

/persons/resource/persons207339

Rokaj, V.
International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging & Structural Dynamics (IMPRS-UFAST), Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Max Planck Society;
Theory Group, Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Max Planck Society;
Center for Free-Electron Laser Science;

Rubio, A.
Theory Group, Theory Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Max Planck Society;
Center for Free-Electron Laser Science;
Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group, Departamento de Fisica de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco;

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https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.08427
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https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.9b01649
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Citation

Schäfer, C., Ruggenthaler, M., Rokaj, V., & Rubio, A. (2020). Relevance of the Quadratic Diamagnetic and Self-Polarization Terms in Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. ACS Photonics, 7(4), 975-990. doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.9b01649.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0005-E80C-9

Abstract

Experiments at the interface of quantum optics and chemistry have revealed that strong coupling between light and matter can substantially modify the chemical and physical properties of molecules and solids. While the theoretical description of such situations is usually based on nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics, which contains quadratic light–matter coupling terms, it is commonplace to disregard these terms and restrict the treatment to purely bilinear couplings. In this work, we clarify the physical origin and the substantial impact of the most common quadratic terms, the diamagnetic and self-polarization terms, and highlight why neglecting them can lead to rather unphysical results. Specifically, we demonstrate their relevance by showing that neglecting these terms leads to the loss of gauge invariance, basis set dependence, disintegration (loss of bound states) of any system in the basis set limit, unphysical radiation of the ground state, and an artificial dependence on the static dipole. Besides providing important guidance for modeling of strongly coupled light–matter systems, the presented results also indicate conditions under which those effects might become accessible.