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Abstract

In a reaction of central importance to the energetics of photosynthetic bacteria, light-induced electron transfer in the reaction centre (RC) is coupled with the uptake of protons from the cytoplasm at the binding site of the secondary quinone (QB). It has been established by X-ray crystallography that the triazine herbicide terbutryn binds to the QB site. However, the exact description of protein-triazine interactions has had to await the refinement of higher-resolution structures. In addition, there is also interest in the role of chirality in the activity of herbicides. Here, we report the structural characterisation of triazine binding by crystallographic refinement of complexes of the RC either with the triazine inhibitor atrazine (Protein Data Bank (PDB) entry 5PRC) or with the chiral atrazine derivatives, DG-420314 (S(-) enantiomer, PDB entry 6PRC) or DG-420315 (R(+) enantiomer, PDB entry 7PRC). Due to the high quality of the data collected, it has been possible to describe the exact nature of triazine binding and its effect on the structure of the protein at high-resolution limits of 2.35 A (5PRC), 2.30 A (6PRC), and 2.65 A (7PRC), respectively. In addition to two previously implied hydrogen bonds, a third hydrogen bond, binding the distal side of the inhibitors to the protein, and four additional hydrogen bonds mediated by two tightly bound water molecules on the proximal side of the inhibitors, are apparent. Based on the high quality data collected on the RC complexes of the two chiral atrazine derivatives, unequivocal assignment of the structure at the chiral centres was possible, even though the differences in structures of the substituents are small. The structures provide explanations for the relative binding affinities of the two chiral compounds. Although it was not an explicit goal of this work, the new data were of sufficient quality to improve the original model also regarding the structure of the bound carotenoid 1,2-dihydroneurosporene. A carotenoid model with a cis double bond at the 15,15' position fits the electron density better than the original model with a 13,14-cis double bond.