The Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter

Solanki, Sami K.; del Toro Iniesta, J. C.; Woch, Joachim; Gandorfer, Achim M.; Hirzberger, Johann; Alvarez-Herrero, A.; Appourchaux, T.; Martínez Pillet, V.; Pérez-Grande, I.; Sanchis Kilders, E.; Schmidt, W.; Gómez Cama, J. M.; Michalik, H.; Deutsch, Werner; Fernandez-Rico, G.; Grauf, Bianca; Gizon, Laurent; Heerlein, Klaus; Kolleck, Martin; Lagg, Andreas; Meller, Reinhard; Müller, Reinhard; Schühle, Udo; Staub, Jan; Albert, Kinga; Alvarez Copano, M.; Beckmann, U.; Bischoff, J.; Busse, D.; Enge, Rainer; Frahm, S.; Germerott, Dietmar; Guerrero, L.; Löptien, Björn; Meierdierks, T.; Oberdorfer, Dietmar; Papagiannaki, I.; Ramanath, Sandeep; Schou, Jesper; Werner, S.; Yang, D.; Zerr, Andreas; Bergmann, M.; Bochmann, J.; Heinrichs, J.; Meyer, S.; Monecke, M.; Müller, M. -F.; Sperling, M.; Álvarez Garcí a, D.; Aparicio, B.; Balaguer Jiménez, M.; Bellot Rubio, L. R.; Cobos Carracosa, J. P.; Girela, F.; Hernández Expósito, D.; Herranz, M.; Labrousse, P.; López Jiménez, A.; Orozco Suárez, D.; Ramos, J. L.; Barandiarán, J.; Bastide, L.; Campuzano, C.; Cebollero, M.; Dávila, B.; Fernández-Medina, A.; García Parejo, P.; Garranzo-García, D.; Laguna, H.; Martín, J. A.; Navarro, R.; Núñez Peral, A.; Royo, M.; Sánchez, A.; Silva-López, M.; Vera, I.; Villanueva, J.; Fourmond, J. -J.; de Ruiz Galarreta, C.; Bouzit, M.; Hervier, V.; Le Clec'h, J. C.; Szwec, N.; Chaigneau, M.; Buttice, V.; Dominguez-Tagle, C.; Philippon, A.; Boumier, P.; Le Cocguen, R.; Baranjuk, G.; Bell, A.; Berkefeld, Th.; Baumgartner, J.; Heidecke, F.; Maue, T.; Nakai, E.; Scheiffelen, T.; Sigwarth, M.; Soltau, D.; Volkmer, R.; Blanco Rodríguez, J.; Domingo, V.; Ferreres Sabater, A.; Gasent Blesa, J. L.; Rodríguez Martínez, P.; Osorno Caudel, D.; Bosch, J.; Casas, A.; Carmona, M.; Herms, A.; Roma, D.; Alonso, G.; Gómez-Sanjuan, A.; Piqueras, J.; Torralbo, I.; Fiethe, B.; Guan, Y.; Lange, T.; Michel, H.; Bonet, J. A.; Fahmy, S.; Müller, D.; Zouganelis, I.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935325

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The Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter

MPS-Authors

/persons/resource/persons104218

Solanki, Sami K.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104296

Woch, Joachim
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103917

Gandorfer, Achim M.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Hirzberger, Johann
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Deutsch, Werner
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Fernandez-Rico, G.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103935

Grauf, Bianca
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103925

Gizon, Laurent
Department Solar and Stellar Interiors, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103956

Heerlein, Klaus
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104018

Kolleck, Martin
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Lagg, Andreas
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104087

Meller, Reinhard
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Müller, Reinhard
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104197

Schühle, Udo
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Staub, Jan
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Albert, Kinga
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Alvarez Copano, M.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Beckmann, U.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103835

Bischoff, J.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Busse, D.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103905

Enge, Rainer
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Frahm, S.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons103923

Germerott, Dietmar
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Guerrero, L.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons160271

Löptien, Björn
Department Solar and Stellar Interiors, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Meierdierks, T.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104111

Oberdorfer, Dietmar
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Papagiannaki, I.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons238149

Ramanath, Sandeep
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Schou, Jesper
Department Solar and Stellar Interiors, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Werner, S.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Yang, D.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Zerr, Andreas
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Bergmann, M.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Bochmann, J.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Heinrichs, J.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Meyer, S.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Monecke, M.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Müller, M. -F.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

Sperling, M.
Department Sun and Heliosphere, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Max Planck Society;

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Citation

Solanki, S. K., del Toro Iniesta, J. C., Woch, J., Gandorfer, A. M., Hirzberger, J., Alvarez-Herrero, A., et al. (2020). The Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on Solar Orbiter. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 642: A11. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935325.

Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0007-5064-E

Abstract

Aims. This paper describes the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager on the Solar Orbiter mission (SO/PHI), the first magnetograph and helioseismology instrument to observe the Sun from outside the Sun-Earth line. It is the key instrument meant to address the top-level science question: How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere? SO/PHI will also play an important role in answering the other top-level science questions of Solar Orbiter, while hosting the potential of a rich return in further science.

Methods. SO/PHI measures the Zeeman effect and the Doppler shift in the Fe I 617.3 nm spectral line. To this end, the instrument carries out narrow-band imaging spectro-polarimetry using a tunable LiNbO3 Fabry-Perot etalon, while the polarisation modulation is done with liquid crystal variable retarders. The line and the nearby continuum are sampled at six wavelength points and the data are recorded by a 2k × 2k CMOS detector. To save valuable telemetry, the raw data are reduced on board, including being inverted under the assumption of a Milne-Eddington atmosphere, although simpler reduction methods are also available on board. SO/PHI is composed of two telescopes; one, the Full Disc Telescope, covers the full solar disc at all phases of the orbit, while the other, the High Resolution Telescope, can resolve structures as small as 200 km on the Sun at closest perihelion. The high heat load generated through proximity to the Sun is greatly reduced by the multilayer-coated entrance windows to the two telescopes that allow less than 4% of the total sunlight to enter the instrument, most of it in a narrow wavelength band around the chosen spectral line.

Results. SO/PHI was designed and built by a consortium having partners in Germany, Spain, and France. The flight model was delivered to Airbus Defence and Space, Stevenage, and successfully integrated into the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. A number of innovations were introduced compared with earlier space-based spectropolarimeters, thus allowing SO/PHI to fit into the tight mass, volume, power and telemetry budgets provided by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft and to meet the (e.g. thermal) challenges posed by the mission’s highly elliptical orbit.