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Abstract

Layered transition metal (TM) oxides have aroused enormous interest in both fundamental and applied cathode material research in the context of high energy-density batteries. Although various mechanisms have been proposed to explain their significant initial capacity losses, the effect of the local structural defects on performance has been largely ignored. Herein, the stacking faults are visualized and their presence is correlated with the incomplete phase transition in Li2RuO3 to understand the significant abnormal capacity loss in the first cycle. The comprehensive performance evaluation, physical characterization and theoretical calculations indicate that the two types of stacking faults, the [100]//[11 over bar 0] boundaries and the [110]//[11 over bar 0] boundaries, lead to sluggish lithium diffusion and increasing stacking faults deteriorates the lithium insertion dynamics. These findings are helpful to understand the performance degradation of the layer-structured oxides in which the anionic redox or the transition metal migration is not involved in electrochemical reactions. It is hoped that this research will also inspire new ideas for designing novel cathode materials and for improving the performance of existing materials by tuning the local structures or minimizing the local structural defects.