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Abstract

Neocortical layer 1 is a major site of convergence for a variety of brain wide afferents carrying experience-dependent top-down information, which are integrated and processed in the apical tuft dendrites of pyramidal cells. Two types of local inhibitory interneurons, Martinotti cells and layer 1 interneurons, dominantly shape dendritic integration, and work from recent years has significantly advanced our understanding of the role of these interneurons in circuit plasticity and learning. Both cell types instruct plasticity in local pyramidal cells, and are themselves subject to robust plastic changes. Despite these similarities, the emerging hypothesis is that they fulfill different, and potentially opposite roles, as they receive different inputs, employ distinct inhibitory dynamics and are implicated in different behavioral contexts.