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Abstract

Although rtfMRI-neurofeedback is a relatively young field, it has developed rapidly over its 20-year history. We broadly divide the history of the field into three phases. First, an early phase of methods development and exploratory studies conducted by a small number of research groups. Second, a phase of widening interest among the international neuroscience community, with an increasing number of studies into neural and behavioral effects of neurofeedback and the first clinical pilot studies. Third, beginning around 2012, a phase marked by the emergence of an international research community, as well as further technological development and growing interest from the clinical research community. We provide a selective review of this history based on our perspective and provide context, both in terms of developments of MR technology and analysis tools but also in terms of the wider scientific trends such as open science and an increasing focus on standardization and replicability.