Item

Abstract

The coadsorption and reaction of NH₃ and NO on the (001) and (111) surfaces of Ge has been studied by valence-band and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy. On Ge(001), NH₃ alone adsorbs molecularly at 100–130 K, first on the dimer-down atoms with the 2a1, 1e and 3a1 orbitals at −23.0, −11.9 and −5.6 eV below E_v, then also on the up-atoms. Coadsorbed NO binds molecularly to the up-atoms and causes displacement of NH₃ from these sites. A strongly polarized NH₃-NO complex, stabilized by hydrogen bonding and the antiparallel orientation of the molecular dipoles, is formed with the NH₃ orbitals shifted to −19.9, −10.0 and −5.4 eV. Upon annealing to 270–300 K, this complex reacts by splitting off the N atom from NO. Coadsorbed OH and NH₂ are formed, probably again stabilized by hydrogen bonding. The NH₂-derived orbitals appear at −19.6, −9.6, −4.1 and −2.0 eV. Above about 370 K, further decomposition occurs and at 490 K oxygen in the form of GeO_x and some atomic N are visible in photoemission. If the surface is exposed first to NO at 100–130 K, partial decomposition occurs and NO and O are observed. Coexposure to NH₃ leads first to NH₃-NO-complex formation. Further NH₃ adsorbs molecularly and is polarized by the O atoms. Coadsorption of NH₃ to O or OH + H on the surface yields polarized NH₃ with peak shifts corresponding to the strength of the interaction. On Ge(111), coadsorbed NO dissociates partly and forms NO and O. A similar NH₃-NO complex is formed. Because of the overlap with O_ad-derived features, the formation of OH + NH₂ upon annealing cannot unambiguously be deduced from the spectra.