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Impact of reduced emissions on direct and indirect aerosol radiative forcing during COVID–19 lockdown in Europe

MPS-Authors
/persons/resource/persons268383

Reifenberg,  Simon Felix
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons268385

Martin,  Anna
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons268387

Kohl,  Matthias
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons252345

Hamryszczak,  Zaneta
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons192706

Tadic,  Ivan
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons268305

Röder,  Lenard
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons268389

Crowley,  Daniel J.
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons100935

Fischer,  Horst
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons268391

Kaiser,  Katharina
Particle Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons101255

Schneider,  Johannes
Particle Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons260112

Dörich,  Raphael
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons100898

Crowley,  John N.
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons101387

Zahn,  Andreas
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons104597

Pöhlker,  Christopher
Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons213647

Holanda,  Bruna
Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons230468

Krüger,  Ovid O.
Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons101189

Pöschl,  Ulrich
Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons203102

Pöhlker,  Mira
Multiphase Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons203315

Dorf,  Marcel
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons101364

Williams,  Jonathan
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons100983

Harder,  Hartwig
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons101104

Lelieveld,  Jos
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

/persons/resource/persons101196

Pozzer,  Andrea
Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Max Planck Society;

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Citation

Reifenberg, S. F., Martin, A., Kohl, M., Hamryszczak, Z., Tadic, I., Röder, L., et al. (2021). Impact of reduced emissions on direct and indirect aerosol radiative forcing during COVID–19 lockdown in Europe. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 21. doi:10.5194/acp-2021-1005.


Cite as: https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0009-BAEF-9
Abstract
Aerosols influence the Earth’s energy balance through direct radiative effects and indirectly by altering the cloud micro-physics. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions dropped considerably when the global COVID–19 pandemic resulted in severe restraints on mobility, production, and public life in spring 2020. Here we assess the effects of these reduced emissions on direct and indirect aerosol radiative forcing over Europe, excluding contributions from contrails. We simulate the atmospheric com- position with the ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model in a baseline (business as usual) and a reduced emission scenario. The model results are compared to aircraft observations from the BLUESKY aircraft campaign performed in May/June 2020 over Europe. The model agrees well with most of the observations, except for sulfur dioxide, particulate sulfate and nitrate in the upper troposphere, likely due to a somewhat biased representation of stratospheric aerosol chemistry and missing information about volcanic eruptions which could have influenced the campaign. The comparison with a business as usual scenario shows that the largest relative differences for tracers and aerosols are found in the upper troposphere, around the aircraft cruise altitude, due to the reduced aircraft emissions, while the largest absolute changes are present at the surface. We also find an increase in shortwave radiation of 0.327 ± 0.105 Wm−2 at the surface in Europe for May 2020, solely attributable to the direct aerosol effect, which is dominated by decreased aerosol scattering of sunlight, followed by reduced aerosol absorption, caused by lower concentrations of inorganic and black carbon aerosols in the troposphere. A further in- crease in shortwave radiation from aerosol indirect effects was found to be much smaller than its variability. Impacts on ice crystal- and cloud droplet number concentrations and effective crystal radii are found to be negligible.